<p>The Ashtabula Harbor Commercial District is a historic district in the northern section of the city of Ashtabula, Ohio, United States. Comprising a commercial section near the city&#39;s Lake Erie waterfront, the district includes buildings constructed largely in the late nineteenth century, at which time Ashtabula was a flourishing port city.</p><br>
<p>Most of the buildings in the district were constructed between 1865 and 1878, although occasional buildings were erected in the early 1900s. The districts area has long been commercial; from its earliest years, the street running through the district was known as Bridge Street, because it terminates at a bridge spanning the Ashtabula River. Until it became part of the city of Ashtabula in the 1870s, Ashtabula Harbor was a separate municipality (it lies two miles north of the citys downtown), and Bridge Street its commercial sector. The area&#39;s buildings vary greatly in appearance, with some surpassing others by several feet. Designs include examples of the Italianate, Queen Anne, and Neoclassical styles, while the construction materials are primarily brick with occasional frame structures.</p><br>
<p>The Ashtabula Harbor Commercial District was designated in 1975 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places at the same time, qualifying both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its place in area history; it gained this designation largely because it retains its late nineteenth-century appearance as a flourishing harbors business district. Seventy-five contributing properties are located within the districts boundaries. In 1978, the city government created the Ashtabula Harbor Historical District, a substantially larger area including numerous residential streets as well as the federally designated commercial street. Since 2010, the city districts boundaries have extended from the river bridge to Lake Avenue and from Morton Drive along the river to the Walnut Beach Park on the lake. City ordinance forbids exterior alterations to buildings in the federally designated district unless the owner has first completed a process of gaining approval from the citys historic preservation review board.</p><br>
<p>The Ashville Depot is a small former train station in the village of Ashville in Pickaway County, Ohio, United States. A simple weatherboaded building that was constructed in 1876, it was once the commercial center of the area.</p><br>
<p>Ashville was a railroad town that was founded at the intersection of a railroad line and a leading rural road. As the connecting point between the two modes of transportation, its train station was a central part of the life of the village and of the surrounding Harrison Township. In 1876, the short-lived Scioto Valley Railway erected a new station in Ashville; its construction helped to make the newly founded village the most important community in northern Pickaway County.</p><br>
<p>After a century of use, the depot was closed in 1976. Railroad officials planned its destruction, but local residents formed a historic preservation organization to save it; accordingly, it was relocated and placed on concrete blocks. The depot was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, qualifying because of its historic architecture and its important place in local history; among the reasons it qualified was its status as the only extant train station built by the Scioto Valley Railway. Such a designation is unusual, for buildings that have been moved from their original locations are not normally eligible for inclusion on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Athens County Infirmary is a registered historic district near Chauncey, Ohio, listed in the National Register on 2003-05-01. It contains five contributing buildings. The property is commonly known locally as the County Farm or the County Home. It currently houses the county&#39;s recycling center, dog shelter, and offices of Job & Family Services. There is also an historic cemetery on the property. The Burr Oak Water District recently has established a wellfield in the riparian zone, in deep unconsolidated sediments along the Hocking River for their primary water source, because their former water source, Burr Oak Lake, is polluted with unacceptable contaminants.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Secondary Structure</p><br>
<p>Institutional Housing</p><br>
<p>Agricultural Outbuildings</p><br>
<p>Athens Downtown Historic District is a registered historic district in Athens, Ohio, United States, listed in the National Register on September 30, 1982. It contains 88 contributing buildings, made from an assortment of materials.</p><br>
<p>The architecture is in the style of Late Victorian with periods of significance from 1900–1924, 1875–1899, and 1850–1874. The downtown district is currently being used for Commerce / Trade, Domestic, Education, and Government.</p><br>
<p>The district has a number of contiguous contributing buildings, many with brick facades, bracketed cornices, and decorative arched stone lintels.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>College</p><br>
<p>Manufacturing Facility</p><br>
<p>Extractive Facility</p><br>
<p>The Athens Governmental Buildings are a complex of buildings in central Athens, Ohio, United States. Among these buildings are the Athens County Courthouse, the Athens City Hall, and the former post office, now Haning Hall of Ohio University. The current post office is a much more recent building away from the town center, on East Stimson Avenue. Together, they were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The oldest of the buildings included, the Silas Bingham House, also known as the old log courthouse, was built in 1804. The Athens County Courthouse was built during 1877–80. The Athens City Hall, built in the 1800s, was one of few city halls that old in southern Ohio which were still in use in 1999. Haning Hall is a former post office.</p><br>
<p>The Athens State Hospital Cow Barn is a historic agricultural building on the grounds of the former state hospital in Athens, Ohio, United States. One of several agricultural buildings associated with the hospital, it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>The Athens State Hospital was founded in 1874, pursuant to legislation enacted seven years prior. Within three years, the hospital was contracting with a local blacksmith to buy milk from his dairy, but by the early twentieth century, this arrangement had proven inconvenient, and in 1912 the hospital bought the farm associated with the dairy operation. Two years later, the present cow barn was erected near the old farmhouse. This was a time of expansion for the hospital complex, which retains numerous buildings from the beginning of the twentieth century; like much of the rest of the hospital, the cow barn displays Colonial Revival architectural influences, unlike the substantially older farmhouse next door. The barn itself is a linear concrete building with some shingles on the walls, a concrete foundation, and a slate-covered gambrel roof. Three towers are placed on the roofline, while dormer windows pierce the lower part of the roof at regular intervals. A prominent entryway is set in the middle of the long side of the building, with six window-filled bays to each side.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the old cow barn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its place in local history and because of its historically significant architecture. Two years later, much of the state hospital complex was designated a historic district and listed on the Register, but the cow barn was not included, as it lies 0.5 mi away from the rest of the complex. No longer in agricultural use, the barn has been converted into an art gallery, the Dairy Barn Arts Center.</p><br>
<p>Atwater Congregational Church is a registered historic building in Atwater, Ohio, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places since February 23, 1973. It was built in 1841 and incorporates elements of both the Federal and Greek Revival styles and stands over 100 ft tall. The church has had a continuous congregation that was founded in 1818 and continues to meet today as a non-denominational church. The building has undergone several renovations and repairs through the years.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was organized on March 20, 1818, by Reverend Caleb Pitkin, William Hanford, and Joseph Treat and was placed under the see of the Grand River Presbytery with 11 members attending the charter service. 22 new members were added the following year and meetings were held in the home of a parishioner. In 1822, a small brick church was constructed near the current church site. The congregation continued to meet there until it was decided to build a larger building in the fall of 1836. Construction began in 1838 and the completed structure was dedicated on November 7, 1841. On November 14, 1841, Reverend E. C. Sharp preached his first sermon in the new building.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Reverend Sharp, the congregation voted to leave the Cleveland Portage Presbytery on May 20, 1870. A new constitution was drafted in 1871 which made it a Congregational church. The name became "The Congregational Church of Christ in Atwater". In 1877, the church underwent repairs, at the cost of $1,548.01, and was re-dedicated and in 1896, plaster began falling from the interior dome so a flat ceiling was assembled.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, the basement was refurbished to make it suitable for meetings and other functions. At the same time, electric lights were installed in the sanctuary, replacing the 16 oil lamps which hung from the ceiling. When the renovations were completed, a festival was held which was attended by at least 1000 people from as far away as Fort Wayne, Indiana. In 1933, the church was repainted by M. C. Hall. A year later chimes were installed. Another renovation was begun in 1944. The dome was restored and electric lights were fitted in a circle around the dome. A re-dedication service was held 10 years later on June 6, 1954. A new roof was installed in 1964 and the steeple was repaired in 1967. In 1980, a new asphalt shingle roof was installed.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, another restoration was initiated. Beginning in 2005, the church underwent a major renovation which was completed in 2007. Funding for the restoration was made available through a large donation from the estate of former pastor Fred Hofer.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Religious structure</p><br>
<p>The Auglaize County Courthouse is located between West Mechanic, Willipie, West Pearl and Perry Streets in downtown Wapakoneta, Ohio, United States. Completed in 1894, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Auglaize County was formed in 1848 and Wapakoneta was chosen by the voters as the county seat. This caused many bad feelings from St. Marys, the other choice for the county seat, as they had already planned an area for the courthouse along appropriately named Court Street.</p><br>
<p>The countys first courthouse was the Methodist Episcopal church. A frame building completed in 1834, it was used by the county in exchange for the free provision of a pulpit for the congregation. Until the countys first permanent courthouse was built in 1854, the courts rotated around the city&#39;s various churches, and the local government officials used rented rooms in buildings throughout Wapakoneta. The first purpose-built courthouse was a Greek Revival style structure of red brick and white trim window and door frames. Two Corinthian columns framed the entrance and supported a pedimented roof above. A rectangular drum rose above the roof which contained corinthian column supports and was capped with a dome with a spire.</p><br>
<p>A larger courthouse was needed and the county constructed a new courthouse in 1894. The courthouse was built with bonds authorized by the Ohio General Assembly, but changes to the plans more than doubled the cost. Renovation subtly changed the interior, such as an elevator, but the courthouse remains true to its original plans.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The current courthouse was constructed from 1893 to 1894 by the architectural firm Kremer & Hart. The building is built with local stone and has a rusticated base with smooth stone from the second floor up. The first floor has square windows in groups of three and blends into the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The second floor is the main floor and is illuminated by large rectangular windows. The entrance is a projection on the eastern facade and is reached by a flight of stairs, three large arches support a balcony above. The balcony contains four Corinthian columns supporting the gabled roof above. The other entrances are also reached by a flight of stairs to a covered porch with supportive Corinthian columns and a balcony with a balustrade. A frieze separates the second floor from the third. Large arched windows light the third floor with a decorative frieze beneath the roof.</p><br>
<p>The roof rises at various points to support a square drum with a central octagonal tower with a balustrade surrounding the base. Large arched windows are surrounded by Corinthian pilasters that support a decorative frieze and a four-face clock facing the cardinal points. The tower is capped by a dome with a central spire.</p><br>
<p>The tower was once graced with a statue of Justice overlooking the main entrance to the east. The community of St. Marys found this offensive, as they had the back of Justice to them and raised money to have her turned to the north. The statue was slowly deteriorating to a point where it had to be removed due to safety reasons. The only parts salvaged from the original Justice were the head, right hand, and sword.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, in time for the centennial of the courthouse, the Auglaize County Historical Society raised money to restore the statue through a project called "Copper Pennies for a Copper Lady" which raised over $25,000. The statue now stands in the Great Hall facing north, holding a sword in her right hand and the balances of justice in her left. The base of the pedestal contains a time capsule to be opened in 2094, one item being the names of the donors for the restoration of the statue.</p><br>
<p>Ashland County Courthouse was constructed from 1928–1929 on West 2nd Street in Ashland, Ohio, United States. The courthouse was added to the National Register on 1979-12-21.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ashland County was formed in 1846 from land taken from Richland, Wayne, Lorain and Huron counties. The county used a church for the purpose of a courthouse until a more permanent building could be constructed. This first courthouse dates from 1853 and was built with red brick and white painted wood trimming. Large Corinthian columns lined the front with Corinthian pilasters lining the sides. Large rectangular windows allowed abundant amounts of light into the interior and courtrooms. A tower rose gracefully above the sloped roof and ended in a small spire. The old county jail was built next door and was a simple stone structure. After this structure was destroyed, the current courthouse was built on its foundations.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1927 the old courthouse was judged to be in need of extensive repairs. The three County Commissioners, D.V. Peterson, R.L. Kreiling, and J.W. Davidson, called a mass meeting of the citizens of the county, which decided that a bond issue to build a new Court House should be voted on at the November 1927 election. Cost estimates were over $325,000.00 for the building and required equipment. County Auditor, J.P. Hunter, stated that property taxes would need to be raised by an average of.348 mills to repay the bonds over twenty-four years. The bond issue passed by a 1201 majority.</p><br>
<p>The current courthouse was designed by Vernon Redding and showcases the popular Classical Revival style of the late 1920s, consisting of clean lines with flat smooth stone and few embellishments. The solid exterior facade consists of rectangular windows and is disrupted by a central projection with large pilasters lining the entrance. A small porch is located between the entrance and a flight of stairs leading to the sidewalk. The flat roof is framed by a balustrade which in turn hides a large skylight that illuminates the Great Chamber below.</p><br>
<p>The Dinsmore Homestead is a historic house museum. The property contains a house completed in 1842 and several outbuildings. It is located at 5656 Burlington Pike , 6.5 mi west of Burlington, Kentucky.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>In 1839, James and Martha Dinsmore purchased approximately 700 acre in Boone County, Kentucky. He and his family, which included daughters, Isabella Dinsmore, Julia Dinsmore, and Susan Dinsmore, settled there, and with the help of slave labor, raised sheep and grew grapes and willows for a basket-making business that was overseen by German immigrants.</p><br>
<p>The house is notable for containing all original artifacts that were purchased by the family primarily in Cincinnati, Ohio, and southern Indiana. Some of the stores they shopped at over the years included Shillitos, McAlpins, Gest & Bruns, and Hunnewell, Hill & Co., all early Cincinnati establishments.</p><br>
<p>The primary sources belonging to the Foundation allow docents to highlight the Dinsmore family&#39;s connections to people like: George Washington, Alexander Macomb, Silas Dinsmoor, James Bowie, John Bell, Samuel Bell, John Ross, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, General Alexander Macomb, Margaret Coxe, Mathew Brady, Nellie Taft, Enid Yandell, Tyrone Power, Sarah Gibson Humphreys, Benjamin F. Goodrich, Randall L. Gibson, Julia Marlowe, Charles E. Flandrau, Charles M. Flandrau, Grace Flandrau, John W. Riddle, Theodate Pope Riddle, David Goodrich, Robert H. M. Ferguson, Ronald Munro Ferguson, John Jacob Astor IV, Isabella Selmes Ferguson Greenway King, John Campbell Greenway, Theodore Roosevelt, Henry Cabot Lodge, Corinne Roosevelt Robinson, Douglas Robinson, Bamie Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Corinne Robinson Alsop, William Loving, James Henry Breasted, Gutzon Borglum.</p><br>
<p>The Dinsmore family, who lived in the historic home from 1842 through 1926, were associated with many historical events and trends that help to inform an understanding of local, regional, national, and global history. Some of the interesting events members of the family were involved in and wrote about include: relations between the U. S. Government and the Cherokee and Choctaw, early Republic land speculations, (for example, Macomb&#39;s Purchase), the Texas Revolution of 1836, Early Republic politics, the Adams Express Company, the American Civil War, the Spanish–American War, the sinking of the Titanic, the sinking of the Lusitania, and World War I.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>In 1987, the Dinsmore Homestead Foundation purchased the home and approximately 30 acre to preserve the site. A collection of nearly 90,000 pages of family letters, journals and business records have been preserved on microfilm for use at the Dinsmore Homestead.</p><br>
<p>The home is open for guided tours and the grounds are open to the public.</p><br>
<p>Significant focal points of the Homesteads history include, but are not limited to womens history, African American history, the history of slavery and Reconstruction, Native American history, agricultural history, and the histories of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The Ausenbaugh–McElhenny House is a historic house in the city of Huber Heights, a suburb of Dayton, Ohio, United States. Constructed in 1874, the Ausenbaugh–McElhenny House was originally home to one of the first men of Wayne Township, Joseph J. McElhenny, whose local prominence was demonstrated by his election to the office of justice of the peace. The house is one of the area&#39;s premier examples of 1870s architecture, due primarily to its Gothic Revival elements both on the exterior and the interior. It has been designated a historic site.</p><br>
<p>Built of weatherboarded walls set on a stone foundation, the Ausenbaugh–McElhenny House is covered with an asphalt roof and features smaller elements of stone and wood. Decorative elements of the stonework include rusticated blocks on the exterior courses of the foundation, as well as the use of large stone blocks for the stairs from the ground to the entry porch, a large wooden structure. The overall plan resembles the letter "T" with some changes; including a one-story extension at the letter&#39;s base, as well as the presence of the shed-roofed porch in the side ell. Aside from the single-story extension, the house is a two-story building with walls that rise to gables. Both rounded and rectangular windows pierce the walls, while the porch-facing main entrance assumes the latter shape. Detailed Gothic-styled woodwork is placed at the peak of the gables, while a small chimney sits at the peak of the roof near the right end of the crosspiece of the "T". Inside, the design is simple but not ostentatious, its styling concentrating on the use of walnut-wood trim. The second story is accessed through an enclosed stairway with an ogive-shaped entryway located near the foyer.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the Ausenbaugh–McElhenny House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its historically significant architecture. The designation included two small structures, the house&#39;s privy and woodshed, as well as the main house. It is one of four Huber Heights locations on the Register, along with the Arnold Homestead, the Taylorsville Canal Inn (demolished), and Lock Seventy on the Miami and Erie Canal.</p><br>
<p>The Eliphalet Austin House is a historic residence in the community of Austinburg, Ohio, United States. Constructed by the community&#39;s namesake founder, it has been greatly modified by later owners, and it has been named a historic site.</p><br>
<p>The Connecticut Land Company was formed in the late eighteenth century to settle and develop the section of western Connecticut that later became the Connecticut Western Reserve region of Ohio. Eliphalet Austin joined the company and purchased wide tracts of land throughout the region, including present-day Austinburg Township, which bears his name. He settled at present-day Austinburg in 1799 and, according to local tradition, arranged for the construction of the present house in 1811. As northeastern Ohio developed, he became regionally prominent: his land holdings were located in multiple counties, he was responsible for carrying the mails, he operated a cattle-dealing operation, and he was a state senator from 1829 to 1831. Austin&#39;s descendants inherited his property after his death.</p><br>
<p>Austins house is a brick structure in the Italianate style. Its appearance is radically different from that of its earliest years; it appears that the present appearance was the result of an extensive remodelling project conducted under the auspices of Austins grandson Louis B. Austin during the 1860s. Precise documentation of the remodelling is not extant, but numerous details are typical of the 1860s, and no extant building anywhere in the United States is known to have employed the Italianate style before 1844.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, Austin&#39;s house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying for inclusion both because of its historically significant architecture and because of its place as the home of a regionally significant man. It is one of three National Register-listed properties in Austinburg Township, along with the nearby Congregational Church of Austinburg and the L.W. Peck House in the community of Eagleville.</p><br>
<p>Austintown Log House is a log cabin near Youngstown, Ohio, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 30, 1974. It is managed by the Austintown Historical Society and commonly known as the "Austin Log Cabin".</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<h3>Discovery</h3><br>
<p>In 1973, St. Andrew&#39;s Episcopal Church, in Austintown Township, Ohio, bought an abandoned house adjacent to the church property. In the process of tearing down the house, log-like beams were discovered. Demolition stopped. Volunteers removed the artificial brick and siding from the structure revealing a two-story log cabin. The steeple notch on the corner logs indicated that the cabin has been built prior to 1824. A deed search was undertaken. This title search revealed that Calvin Austin sold 150.5 acre to John Packard on April 29, 1814, for $500.00. Further research indicated that Austintown Township, Ohio, was named for Calvin Austin who was a land agent for the Connecticut Land Company. It was obvious that this priceless treasure must be preserved.</p><br>
<h3>Residents</h3><br>
<p>The earliest residents of the house were John Harris Packard (listed as one 108 resident heads of household in Austintown in 1820 census) and his second wife, Mary Alfred (or Alford) Barnes Packard. John Harris Packard was born January 30, 1748, in North Bridgewater, Massachusetts. He and his second wife, Mary, and their 10 children migrated to Austintown in 1814. Upon Johns death on January 7, 1827, in Austintown, Ohio, the log house and surrounding 120 acre were willed to his son, William Packard. On January 14, 1828, deed records indicate a transfer of 30 acre from William and Martha Packard to Samuel Dorwat (Dorworth) for $150. Records indicate that in 1829, Dorwat and his wife, Sarah "Ann" Burgett Dorwat, sold 10 acre including the house to Henry Lawrence (alternately spelled Lorins) and his wife Polly for $50. In 1845, these 10 acre were sold to Abraham Dustman and his wife, Rebecca Mauer Dustman, for $406. The Dustmans lived there with their five children. Dustman was a farmer and is thought to have built the barn that was destroyed in a fire in 1910. In 1850, Dustman sold the property to Henry Wehr and his wife Margaret for $510. Wehr dug the wells and added the hog shed. At some point, Henry sold the property to his nephew, Levi Wehr. In the "Archeology of Log Cabin," Dr. John White describes Levi as “a heavy and secretive drinker” because White found at least 183 whiskey bottles secreted in the foundation of the second barn built by Levi in 1910. Levi and his wife, Emma, raised two daughters in the house. The house was owned in the 1940s by Willard Wesley Stricklin. Stricklin is reported to have dug out the root cellar below the kitchen. The house was occupied from 1948 to 1963 by Joseph Hanko. Hanko dug out cellar under main house and added the small bathroom extension. The house sat vacant from 1964 until 1973 when it was acquired by St. Andrews Episcopal Church.</p><br>
<h3>Preservation</h3><br>
<p>The Austintown Community Council worked with members of the community to raise funds for the restoration of the cabin. With the approval of township officials, the group developed an innovative fundraiser which involved standing at the busiest intersection in Austintown and collecting money from drivers in cars stopped at the red light. This, coupled with pennies collected from school children; donations from school PTAs, civic organization, and various church groups; bake sales, book sales, and a flea market yielded $50,000 with which to restore the cabin. While some volunteers were fundraising, other volunteers, under the guidance of an architect knowledgeable in historical preservation, were removing the cabins roof and replacing it with a wood shake roof, removing interior walls, replacing windows with panes of glass from a 100-year-old school house, and adding a furnace and new plumbing. They sealed the logs with preservatives, and they replaced the chinking with a cement mixture to simulate the original the clay, straw, mud and rock chinking. They restored the fireplace using century-old brick and an old barn beam for the mantel. As a result of their efforts, the Austin Log Cabin was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1975. A $2,500 grant from the Ohio American Revolution Bicentennial Commission allowed the dedication of the Austin Log Cabin on July 4, 1976, as Austintowns Bicentennial Project. The Austintown Historical Society was formed on July 21, 1976, for the purpose of maintaining the Austin Log Cabin. It became a 501(c)(3) in 1976 and was incorporated in 1979.</p><br>
<h3>Modern status</h3><br>
<p>The Austintown Historical Society continues to maintain the Austin Log Cabin and is responsible for the upkeep, utilities, and day-to-day maintenance. It has furnished the Austin Log Cabin through donations of period furnishing including a bed slept in by Frank Ohl, a historical figure in Austintown, a spinning wheel, yarn winder, two primitive tables, and Ohio Bicentennial memorabilia. One room of the Cabin is dedicated to the Bicentennial of the United States and memorabilia of that era. Another upstairs room of the Cabin is outfitted as a one-room school house replete with documents and photos of Austintowns 12 one-room school houses, a coal stove, desks, period books, and yearbooks from Austintown Fitch High School dating from 1917 to the present day. The basement is furnished with antique farm implements. A corn crib, a three-seat outhouse, a smokehouse, various farming implements, and a coal car from one of Austintowns earliest coal mines are located outside. The Austin Log Cabin has served as the site for an Archaeological Dig supervised by the late Dr. John White, professor emeritus of anthropology at Youngstown State University. In addition to the cabin, Dr. White&#39;s dig revealed the existence of a multipurpose shed which was at one time used as a chicken coop, a stock well dug in 1860-70 and abandoned by 1930, a chicken house, two outdoor privies—one dug in 1950 and one right before 1950, a barn, a second barn built circa 1910, a hog shed, a house well, a cistern, and a summer house. Relics collected during these digs are displayed throughout the Cabin as is the book, Archaeology of the Log House, produced by Dr. White. The cabin is open for free tours on the first Sunday of every month from March-December from 1-3 and by appointment other times.</p><br>
<p>Carlos Avery House is a historic house in the Pittsfield Township, Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1855 and reflects the Greek Revival architectural style. The large two-story brick house sits on a spacious lot slightly elevated from street level. The isolated site has few structures nearby. The first home of Carlos Avery is 300 ft to the north and the remnants of a bridge that spanned the Black River. Sitting above the roadway at a curve the house is a prominent feature in the area. The wooded banks of the river behind the house create a picturesque scene.</p><br>
<p>The foundation is cut sandstone with the top course projecting to form a water table. The walls of locally made brick are not laid in discernable bond pattern. The main mass is rectangular with a gable end facade, a smaller longer wing is attached on the south side has a porch on the west (front). The entry is set to the south of the facade of the main section. The door is flanked by sidelights and has a transom. Simple stone lintels and sills surround the door and six-over-six double-hung sashes of the facade of this section. Two windows are beside the door to the north and above are three symmetrically arranged over the first floor fenestration.</p><br>
<p>An unusual feature of this section is a broad entablature that projects from the plane of the wall and is painted white. The gable ends have full triangular pediments and broad rectangular attic windows. The smaller wing recalls this with a white frieze featuring long rectangular fenestration. An additional wing apparently built at the same time as the house extends into the space between the two main sections in the rear.</p><br>
<p>The door opens into a large central hallway on the south of the main section with an open stairway leading to a similar hallway on the second floor. To the right of the stairs is a large open parlor with massive Greek Revival woodwork including triangular pediments above the doors and windows. The south section contains a dining room with fireplace and a kitchen with large fireplace. An unusual curved wall creates a pantry at the rear of this space. This section includes a number of small purposed rooms including an area for spinning flax.</p><br>
<p>The second floor of the main section has three large bedrooms with woodwork like that below except that it is raked along the sides. A basement with a summer kitchen a fireplace for cooking.</p><br>
<p>The Carlos Avery House is historically significant as a fine example of domestic rural Greek Revival architecture distinguished by its size and details. The largest extant building from before the Civil War, the property was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on May 31, 1984.</p><br>
<p>Avery–Hunter House is a registered historic house located at 221 East Broadway in Granville, Ohio. It was listed on the National Register on December 27, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>It was originally built for Alfred Avery in 1842 with significant additions in 1873. The original Greek Revival-style home was designed by architect Benjamin Morgan, who also designed the St. Luke&#39;s Episcopal Church in Granville, also for Avery.</p><br>
<p>The house was used as a private residence until 1902. Afterwards, the house became the chapter house of the Lambda Deuteron chapter of Phi Gamma Delta, which resided at Denison University. It continued to be used as a fraternity house until 1956 when it was purchased by Robbins Hunter Jr.</p><br>
<p>The home is now owned by the Licking County Historical Society which operates it as the Robbins Hunter Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Yale Building, also known as The Yale, is a seven-story building located in the Englewood neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. It is an important "first generation" residential high-rise, a building type made possible by advances in building structure and technology, and reflects the great growth in real estate development which typified the city in the 1890s. The building is a large-scale example of Romanesque Revival architecture style popularized by the buildings of Henry H. Richardson, and exhibits excellent craftsmanship in both materials and detailing. It was built in 1892 as accommodation for the upcoming World&#39;s Columbian Exposition. The Yale Apartments also possesses a rare interior atrium, ringed with galleries and topped by a glass-and-metal skylight. It has been described as one of Chicagos "best-kept secrets" after being featured during the 2016 Open House Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 1998, and later designated a Chicago Landmark on April 9, 2003.</p><br>
<p>The Yale was originally built as luxury apartments for the Chicago Exposition. In the late 1930s/early 1940s, the empty building was purchased and the interior gutted and converted to studio, 1 and 2 bedroom apartments. One top floor apartment had the addition of a staircase up to a rooftop room referred to as the penthouse. It was renovated in 2003 and now features 69 apartments for low-income senior citizens.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The building appears in S1E5 of the TV show ER.</p><br>
<p>The building appears in S8E8 of the TV Show Shameless (American TV series)</p><br>
<p>B & O Railroad Viaduct is a historic structure in Bellaire, Ohio, listed in the National Register of Historic Places on June 22, 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Bridge</h3><br>
<p>The B&O Railroad&#39;s first bridge across the Ohio River, built in 1857, served a rail line through Parkersburg, West Virginia. But the growing center of Chicago, Illinois, made a span between Benwood, West Virginia, and Bellaire more desirable.</p><br>
<p>In 1865, the B&O obtained the Central Ohio Railroad and later the Sandusky, Mansfield & Newark Railroad. These acquisitions linked Bellaire to the port of Sandusky on the shore of Lake Erie, and thence to Chicago. The proposal to build a bridge at Bellaire threatened a ferry business there, whose owners sought and obtained an injunction which was filed in court. The railroad fought the injunction to the USA Supreme Court and won.</p><br>
<p>Discussions into the building of the bridge began in the late 1860s and it was decided that the bridge would be a long-span wrought-iron-truss. The design of the bridge was handled by Jacob Linville, president of the Keystone Bridge Co., which manufactured its trusses. The bridge was completed in 1871. The approaches are made of cut sandstone blocks that elevate the rail line to the recommended height. The bridge itself consists of all wrought-iron trusswork resting on six cut stone piers sunk into the river bed.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was featured in the 2010 film Unstoppable starring Denzel Washington and Chris Pine. Filming on the bridge in Bellaire ran from November 9 to 14, 2009.</p><br>
<h3>Bridge spans</h3><br>
<p>The spans to the bridge were completed in 1870. The Bellaire span contains 43 arched spans measuring 33 ft wide and varying from 10 to 20 ft in height over the roadways of downtown Bellaire. The span comes down from the north and curves at 6 degrees to the east. Each span contains 37 stones, representing the 37 states at the time of completion.</p><br>
<p>The span in Benwood contains stone piers with iron truss-work supporting the railway above. The span comes in from the south and curves 270 degrees to the west. The span traverses several manufacturing sites and comes within feet of West Virginia Route 2.</p><br>
<p>In total, the entire span contains 14,854 yd3 of masonry, the piers and abutments contain 25,375 yd3. The bridge span is 8,566 ft in length and the total cost was over $1,000,000.</p><br>
<h2>Historic uses</h2><br>
<p>Rail-related</p><br>
<p>Bagby–Hossler House is a historic house in Tiffin, Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is situated on a 3 acre lot that slopes gently to the Sandusky River. It is located at 530 Sycamore Street. The rectangular brick building rests on a rubble stone foundation. It is built into a hill is one and one half stories on the facade and stories in the rear. The gable roof has two shed dormers on the rear side and there are three tall chimneys.</p><br>
<p>The five bay facade has a central six panel door with sidelights and a transom, and a metal hood covering supported by consoles. Four pair of French doors with unusual glazing and full length louvered shutters flank the central entry. The curved or domed windows in these doors distort the view and are considered unique in Ohio., the interior was in excellent and near original condition. Original features including plaster cornices and medallions, poplar woodwork and porcelain key hole covers remained.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the main house built in 1862, additions and other structures and features from 1930 are historically significant. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on July 10, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Thomas H. Bagby was a lawyer and public official of some notoriety in Seneca County, Ohio. Arriving from New York in 1845 when he was 22 before building this house he had built a Gothic Revival style house on North Sandusky in 1855. Bagby purchased 18 acres of land on the outskirts of Tiffin along the Sandusky River in 1862 when he built what came to be known as the Bagby–Hossler House there. The domed glass was reportedly to distort the view of his jealously guarded wife. These unique windows are a reflection of the sophistication of the glass industry in Ohio at the time.</p><br>
<p>Bagby gained a measure of notoriety when appointed as a county commissioner in 1882 local newspaper editor O.T. Locke purported the selection of Arthur L. Hossler Sr. as architect for the county courthouse was fixed. Bagby went on to win election as commissioner in 1884 and served until 1891, dying in 1906.</p><br>
<p>Bagby&#39;s widow died in 1915 and the property had suffered some deterioration by 1930 when Arthur Hassler purchased it from her estate. Hossler did extensive renovations and improvements to the property. Hossler, born in Seneca County in 1882, began building houses in 1914. He went on to form a contracting company with his brothers that moved into larger commercial and civic construction, for example the Holland Theatre. When the house was listed in 1986, Hossler Brothers was still an active and significant construction firm in the county, but it shut down in 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Bankers Trust Company Building is an office building located at 205 West Congress Street in Downtown Detroit, Michigan, within the Financial District. Designed by Wirt C. Rowland of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls and completed in 1925 the ornately modeled building is an exquisite example of Italian Romanesque Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bankers Trust Company was founded in 1917 and its offices were originally located in the State Savings Bank Building, at the northeast corner of West Congress and Shelby Streets. The bank later hired the architectural firm of Smith, Hinchman & Grylls to design a new headquarters building down the street; the structure, designed by Wirt C. Rowland, was completed in 1925. The Bankers Trust Company occupied the building from 1925 to 1948, when a brokerage firm moved in. The structure later housed a fast food restaurant, a diner, and several nightclubs, before being sold in 2015 to an unidentified buyer for $3 million.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two-story building is faced with terra cotta and includes elaborate exterior Italian Romanesque–style decorations, with massive arched windows designed to admit light to the banking room. The large first-floor arches are echoed on the second floor. Green marble columns topped with lions flank the corner entrance, which once had a revolving door (now removed). The interior has been remodeled multiple times as the structure served different uses; the three-story addition on Shelby Street, designed in the International Style, was completed in 1960.</p><br>
<p>Pill Hill is a National Register of Historic Places district southwest of downtown Rochester, Minnesota. The neighborhood encompasses many old houses built on a limestone bluff for staff of the nearby Mayo Clinic, which led to the name.</p><br>
<p>The boundaries of Pill Hill are roughly 3rd and 9th Streets and 7th and 10th Avenues Southwest. More generally the neighborhood is found between USA 52, USA 63 (Broadway), Memorial Parkway, and 2nd Street SW. Saint Mary&#39;s Hospital is at the bottom of the hill to the north of the district.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the neighborhood was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Several buildings on Pill Hill are individually listed, including the Plummer House and the Mayo Foundation House.</p><br>
<p>Savoyard Centre , also known as State Savings Bank, is an office building at 151 West Fort Street in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It was designated as a Michigan State Historic Site in 1981</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The State Savings Bank was organized in 1883, and purchased the site at the corner of Fort and Shelby in 1898, by which time it was the largest bank in Detroit. They commissioned the prominent architect Stanford White to design the Neo-Classical bank. The interior and exterior walls are white marble. The main entrance is in a recessed portico and framed by two Ionic columns 28 ft tall and weighing 56,000 lb. Above the entry is a cartouche bearing the Michigan Coat of Arms flanked by two figures representing Industry and Commerce.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, the State Savings Bank merged with the Peoples Savings Bank to form the Peoples State Bank, requiring a larger building. The addition is nearly indistinguishable from the original.</p><br>
<p>The two-story main banking room in the interior is surrounded by arched colonnades. The colonnades are divided by Ionic pilasters. The second floor occupies the upper portions of the arches and frosted glass allows light to pass between the spaces. The coffered ceiling is molded plaster and is slightly more ornate in the 1898 portion of the building. The main vault stood at the rear of the original structure and the 1914 addition placed it in the middle of the banking floor. In the archway over the Congress Street entry is a mural by American artist Thomas Wilmer Dewing. It is an allegorical representation of the City of Detroit flanked by Commerce and Agriculture. The painting was completed in 1900 and placed in its present position after the structure was expanded in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The bank again merged in 1927 to become the Peoples Wayne County Bank, but disappeared in the financial failures of the Great Depression. Afterward, the headquarters of Edsel Fords Manufacturers National Bank occupied the building. In the 1960s, a pedestrian bridge was constructed across Shelby Street to connect the two buildings then occupied by Manufacturer&#39;s Bank. The building was continuously used as a bank until the 1980s, when it became an office supply showroom.</p><br>
<p>In August 2013, the building was jeopardized as owners proposed demolition and converting the property to a surface parking lot. Bedrock Real Estate Services, a company owned by local businessman Dan Gilbert added the structure to its portfolio of 65 Detroit properties December 13, 2014. The company did not disclose the purchase price or possible plans, however one rumored use could be an auto museum.</p><br>
<p>The current name is taken from the nearby Savoyard Creek, named by early settlers who arrived in the area from Savoy. The creek began at the current site of Lafayette Park flowed parallel to Congress Street to the foot of Fourth Street where it emptied into the Detroit River. Over time, the creek became an open sewer until complaints from nearby residents caused the city to enclose and incorporate it into the sewer system in 1836. Julian Scott Department Store was located at 151 West Fort Street in downtown Detroit, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The Lena Water Tower is a water tower located in the village of Lena, Illinois, United States. It was built in 1896 following two decades of problems with structure fires in the village. The current water tower is the result of a second attempt after the first structure proved to be unstable. The tower stands 122.5 ft tall and is built of limestone and red brick. The current stainless steel water tank holds 50,000 gallons  and replaced the original wooden tank in 1984. The site has two other structures, an old power plant building and a 100,000 US gallon  reservoir. The Lena Electric Plant Building was constructed in 1905 and the reservoir completed in 1907. The Lena Water Tower was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1997; the reservoir was included as a contributing property to the listing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The need for a water tower in Lena was the topic of newspaper editorials many years before the current structure was actually built in 1896. In the early 1870s fires struck a stable, a warehouse, a rural school and several houses in and around Lena. The 1871 Great Chicago Fire induced a sense of panic among many Illinoisians, including those in the village of Lena. In 1874 fire nearly destroyed the freight house and depot owned by the Illinois Central Railroad in Lena. The fires continued through the 1870s and 1880s and the Lena Star editorials led the crusade to build a water tower.</p><br>
<p>The week of June 14, 1895 workers began drilling for the new reservoir and water tower. The drill reached 400 ft in depth and became stuck. It was not freed until October 1895 and work crews were forced to work double shifts to compensate. The tower structure itself began rising by early November when disaster struck the project. As a rock was being hoisted up the tower it crashed to the ground ripping through the first two floors of the structure. When a winter thaw hit the area on December 25 the mortar on the building began to crumble; the unseasonable thaw had weakened poorly mixed mortar. Citizens were outraged and blamed the newspaper for pushing the tower so furiously. The paper, in turn, blamed the faulty work of the contractor; the foundation was not large enough to support the mass of the tower structure.</p><br>
<p>In June 1896 village trustees voted to hire USA Wind, Engine and Pump Company from Batavia, Illinois to demolish the unstable water tower and rebuild it with a properly founded structure. On June 19, 1896 the company arrived to demolish the old structure and begin laying a new foundation using Portland cement.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Lena Water Tower is situated on a triangular section of land in the village of Lena, Illinois, located in western Stephenson County approximately 38 miles (61 km) east of Galena, Illinois. It is 22 ft wide at its base and rises to a height of 122.5 ft. The first 56 ft of the structure was constructed from limestone blocks, each block measures 24 in by 30 in. Six stone buttresses flank the first 50 ft of the water tower as well. The 44 ft beyond the limestone portion of the facade is faced in red brick. The limestone was quarried east of the village.</p><br>
<p>Atop the brick of the current Lena Water Tower is a stainless steel tank which is held in place only by the weight of the water inside. The current tank replaced the old wooden water tank in 1984 and is painted black with "LENA" spelled out in large yellow letters across its face. The tank is 22.5 ft tall and 18.6 ft in diameter; it holds 50,000 gallons (189,271 L) of water and is ringed by a metal catwalk.</p><br>
<h2>Other structures</h2><br>
<h3>Lena Electric Light Plant Building</h3><br>
<p>There is one building on the Lena Water Tower site. The Electric Light Plant Building was constructed in 1905 by the Benfield Brothers for developer W.M. Arnold and it housed the Lena Electric Light Plant. By 1920 the building had two additions; in 1912 a brick addition was added to the buildings south elevation to house a steam engine and boiler, the 1920 addition was of brick and on the Electric Plants north elevation.</p><br>
<p>The hip roof is clad in asphalt shingles while the wooden soffits have been covered with aluminum, another of the alterations through the years. The original structure featured doors and windows that have since been bricked over and altered. From east to west on the original south elevation was a 7.5 ft by 10 ft doorway, four windows, a doorway, another door, and two windows. The north and west facades had two windows and the south elevation another large doorway. In 1978 Pierce Construction of Lena was hired to completely or partially brick over all doors and windows on the building. A new windowed, wooden door was installed in a new opening on the east facade of the Electric Plant.</p><br>
<p>The building had two more additions in 1982. A red brick addition with an 18 ft by 15 ft garage door was added to the north elevation and a shed addition with a 9 ft by 7 ft garage door was added to the southeast elevation, both built in 1982.</p><br>
<h3>Reservoir</h3><br>
<p>The on site reservoir was completed in 1907 and is connected to the old Electric Plant Building through two 15 ft cast iron pipes. The 100,000 gallon (378,541 L) reservoir is constructed from concrete and features a roof of wood and metal.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Lena Water Tower has been in continuous service since it was built in 1896 and is the tallest structure in the village. Included in the listing to the National Register was the reservoir, which was added as a contributing property. The Electric Plant Building, however, was not included in the listing because of the large number of modern alterations it has undergone. The Lena Water Tower is believed to be one of three in the state of Illinois designed and built of similar construction and has become a symbol of the village of Lena.</p><br>
<p>The Old Military Road was a road built by the USA Army in 1835–36, connecting Fort Howard  Wisconsin with Fort Crawford  via Fond du Lac, Fort Winnebago , and Dodgeville. This first military road was a beginning of government planning for overland travel, which eventually led Wisconsin, first as a territory and later as a state, and its localities to finance its own system of roadways for various purposes. Remains of the road that exist today are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Financing and construction</h2><br>
<p>Financed by Congressional action in 1832 and constructed between 1835 and 1837, the first military road in Wisconsin Territory connected three forts. From Fort Howard near Green Bay, the road extended south along the eastern shore of Lake Winnebago and then headed southwest toward Fort Winnebago (near present-day Portage along the Wisconsin River). From Fort Winnebago, the road looped further southwest toward Fort Crawford on the Mississippi River (near present-day Prairie du Chien).</p><br>
<p>The road was underwater at times during wet seasons, and foot-high stumps in the road complicated travel. The 1973 work The History of Wisconsin described the road as "little more than a lane through the timber and a pathway over the prairie, with streams bridged and swamps ditched, the road was crude and often impassable; but it nevertheless filled the important objective of traversing Wisconsin from east to west". Maintenance by settlers attracted to the area kept the road passable. The cost for initial construction and maintenance for the 234 mi road was $12,000.</p><br>
<h2>Remains of the road</h2><br>
<p>Its modern descendant follows the route from Green Bay to Fond du Lac along Wisconsin Highway 55 and USA Highway 151, then west on Wisconsin State Highways 68 and 33 to Portage, where it travels west via USA Highway 18. The name survives as one for local streets paralleling the current highways. Military Ridge State Trail runs over a portion of its alignment. An actual 123 ft segment of the road in its original state is also preserved in Fond du Lac County, It is located on farmland purchased by Albert and Martha Raube in 1911; Raube Road was listed in National Register of Historic Places in 1992. Other present-day reminders of the road&#39;s legacy include Military Avenue in Green Bay and Military Road in Fond du Lac. Wisconsin Highway 55 east of Lake Winnebago is also called Military Road in some of the communities it passes through.</p><br>
<p>The Forest Home Farms is a 16 acre municipal historic park located in San Ramon, California. In 1997, Ruth Quayle Boone bequeathed the land and all buildings on it to the City of San Ramon for use as a park and historical site in memory of her husband, Travis Moore Boone. After Ruth Boone&#39;s death in 1998 at the age of 94, the City expanded the memorial to include Ruth, in honor of her generosity to the people of San Ramon and in recognition of the contribution women made to agriculture in the San Ramon Valley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 16 acre farm is located at the base of the Dougherty Hills, and Oak Creek divides it in two almost equal parts. The northern portion of the site contains all of the structures built or used by the Boones, except for the cistern, which sits atop a hill on the southwest corner of the property. The structures include two houses, 14outbuildings and two pergolas. The houses represent almost a century of residential development in the valley. The Boone House is a 22-room Dutch colonial that was remodeled several times since it was built in 1900. This home now serves as office space, meeting space, and hosts recreation programs as scheduled by staff. The 14 outbuildings, which vary significantly in date of construction and size, include a barn originally built in the period from 1850 to 1860, a 7,000 ft&sup2; farm equipment and automobile storage structure and a three-building walnut processing plant that includes a three-story hulling and drying structure.</p><br>
<p>The southern portion of the property is now home to the David Glass House, a Victorian style structure dating to the late 1860s to early 1870s. This home was relocated from its original site at Lora Nita Farm. The Glass House is a two-story, wood-frame dwelling with a one-story rear wing, which may be older than the main body of the house. The tankhouse, somewhat modified from historic condition, is a two-story, wood-frame structure that is probably slightly later in date than the house. The Glass House exterior will soon be restored to its original condition. Following that part of the project, the landscaping around the home will be reworked to resemble a photo of the home from 1890s. The photo shows a windmill behind the home and the windmill from the Henry Farm will be placed there to best recreate the way the Glass House is depicted in the photo.</p><br>
<h2>Current events</h2><br>
<p>Forest Home Farms Historic Park is open to the public Monday through Friday from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. A self-guided tour is available via the Otocast app. The park also runs two award-winning educational programs: Farm Life Education and Victorian Life Education. Both programs were developed to meet the standards of the third-grade curriculum, but have been adapted to host grades two through five. Beginning October 2020, the Farm Life Education Program was made available in a virtual format so teachers and students could still enjoy the content in their virtual classrooms during COVID-19 related restrictions. The historic park also hosts a myriad of group tours and free Saturday programs during non-restricted times.</p><br>
<h2>Future plans</h2><br>
<p>The scope of work for this project is quite large and projects are completed on an ongoing basis as they are incorporated into the city&#39;s capital improvement plan (CIP). Since opening as a historic park, the David Glass House has been restored and turned into a historic home museum and the original 1850s barn has been refurbished and used as a new interpretive space within the educational program. Ongoing maintenance seeks to preserve the local history, and various projects have been identified to enhance the longevity of the existing structures.</p><br>
<p>The Buffalo History Museum  is located at 1 Museum Court  in Buffalo, New York, just east of Elmwood Avenue and off of Nottingham Terrace, north of the Scajaquada Expressway, in the northwest corner of Delaware Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building that houses the Buffalo History Museum was constructed in 1901 as the New York State pavilion for that year&#39;s Pan-American Exposition, and is the sole surviving permanent structure from the exposition. As planned, the Buffalo Historical Society moved into the building after the exposition.</p><br>
<p>Designed by Buffalo architect George Cary (1859–1945), its south portico is meant to evoke the Parthenon in Athens. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987.</p><br>
<p>Founded in 1862, the Buffalo Historical Societys first president was Millard Fillmore. Its exhibits, programs, and events are attended by schoolchildren, families, and students. It has hosted observances of Lincolns Birthday for over a century and features a bronze statue by sculptor Charles H. Niehaus in 1902 on the museums portico.</p><br>
<p>From 1879 to 1947, the Society published pioneering scholarship on the people, events, and history of the Niagara Frontier. Many of those volumes are now online in full text.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the Buffalo Historical Society changed its name to the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society, and on October 25, 2012, the Buffalo and Erie County Historical Society announced it was rebranding itself as The Buffalo History Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Exhibits</h2><br>
<p>All three floors of the building offer exhibits, including the Rotary Gallery (featuring elaborate model trains), the Pioneer Gallery, the Erie County Room, the State Court, the Community Gallery, Native American Gallery, Neighbors, and ICONS. A recreation of Tim Russerts office opened in October 2014 after having been installed at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. On view by appointment in the museums Resource Center on Forest Avenue is the gun used by Leon F. Czolgosz to shoot President William McKinley at the Exposition&#39;s Temple of Music on September 6, 1901.</p><br>
<p>In November 2017, the Buffalo History Museum opened the Icons: The Makers and Moments of Buffalo Sports exhibit. The new exhibit explores Buffalo New Yorks rich sports history and investigates the unique connection between fans and the beloved teams and sports idols of the area. Highlights include Ralph Wilsons hall of fame jacket, the only helmet Scott Norwood ever wore during his career as a Buffalo Bill, and a changing exhibit currently featuring the Buffalo Beauts.</p><br>
<h2>Research Library</h2><br>
<p>Of particular interest to historians, genealogists, researchers, and house history buffs are the collections of the Research Library. Notable collections include:</p><br>
<p>The Millard Fillmore Papers</p><br>
<p>The Peter Buell Porter Papers</p><br>
<p>The Mary Burnett Talbert papers</p><br>
<p>The Larkin Company records and memorabilia</p><br>
<p>The Pan-American Exposition collection</p><br>
<p>Maris B. Pierce&#39;s papers</p><br>
<p>Additional resources include:</p><br>
<p>100,000 artifacts</p><br>
<p>20,000 books</p><br>
<p>200,000 photographs</p><br>
<p>50,000 plans</p><br>
<p>Drawings</p><br>
<p>Maps</p><br>
<p>Posters</p><br>
<p>Prints</p><br>
<p>Broadsides</p><br>
<p>6,500 microfilms of newspapers</p><br>
<p>Church records</p><br>
<p>Cemetery records</p><br>
<p>Censuses</p><br>
<p>Pamphlets</p><br>
<p>Clippings</p><br>
<p>In addition there is similar ephemera that documents the people, places, architecture, organizations, businesses, and events in the Buffalo and Niagara frontier region. A number of detailed bibliographies on popular topics are online at WorldCat.</p><br>
<p>FRANK, the library&#39;s growing catalog of 25,000 books and manuscripts, is freely searchable online.</p><br>
<h3>Same-sex wedding memorabilia</h3><br>
<p>In 2011, after the passage of equal marriage in the State of New York, the Research Library became the first known library in the United States to collect wedding memorabilia from legally wed same-sex couples.</p><br>
<h2>Amateis pediment</h2><br>
<p>The left, center, and right sections of the pediment atop the museum, designed by Edmond Amateis and includes clothed, semi-nude and nude figures.</p><br>
<p>Fort Totten State Historic Site is a historic fort that sits on the shores of Devils Lake near Fort Totten, North Dakota. During its 13 years of operation as a fort, Fort Totten was used during the American Indian Wars to enforce the peace among local Native American tribes and to protect transportation routes. After its closing in 1890, it operated until 1959 as a Native American boarding school, called the Fort Totten Indian Industrial School. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971; in its nomination form, the State Historical Society of North Dakota called it "one of the best preserved military posts... in the Trans-Mississippi West for the Indian Wars period".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Fort Totten</h3><br>
<p>Fort Totten was one of nearly 150 forts constructed across the American western frontier during the American Indian Wars. Following the conclusion of the Dakota War of 1862, several displaced Dakota people (who now form the Spirit Lake Tribe) had been relocated to the area around Devils Lake. During the mid-1860s, Major General John Pope had put forth plans to create a line of forts across the newly formed Dakota Territory. One of these was to be located on the shores of Devils Lake. Although Pope canceled his plans for this fort in the fall of 1864, efforts to establish a military foothold there were revitalized in early 1867. This was due to a new treaty signed by the Sissetons and Wahpetons that established two new reservations in Dakota Territory: Lake Traverse Indian Reservation to the south and Devils Lake Indian Reservation (now the Spirit Lake Indian Reservation) in the north. The latter was to be a 240,000 acre reservation encompassing the southern shore of Devils Lake. Fort Totten was officially established by the Secretary of War on July 17, 1867. It was named for United States Army Corps of Engineers head Joseph Gilbert Totten.</p><br>
<p>The Spirit Lake Tribe had faced severe hardship since arriving in the region, and the winter of 1866–1867 had been particularly difficult. As such, the first missions of the fort were to support the tribe and offer protection from raids. The initial fort was meant to be temporary and was quickly constructed out of oak logs surrounded by an 18 ft log stockade and spanned about 600 by. This lumber was provided by a sawmill at nearby Fort Stevenson. By 1868, soldiers—United States Army infantrymen who were garrisoned there—were already constructing more permanent buildings, although official authorization from Congress to do this was not granted until April 6, 1869. The new main building was placed about 800 yards south of the original log structure and was completed in 1871. The following decade saw a boom of new construction, expanding in a square pattern around a central plaza. This center yard was used for drills and military parades. New buildings included a hospital, mess hall, four barracks, storehouses, and multiple other stores and offices. All of these additions, including the main building, cost about $100,000. Most were built from bricks crafted from locally sourced clay and lime quarried at Devils Lake and placed on stone foundations. Later additions included corrals and stables for horses and livestock, a brewery, and a sutler. Besides one barracks building that was razed by fire, most buildings from this period are still standing and are maintained. In 1873, Companies D and I of the 7th Cavalry Regiment joined the Fort Totten garrison and remained there until the forts eventual closing; and until its closing, the fort was continuously manned. Soldiers here oversaw the 1874 establishment of the nearby St. Michaels Mission school. Fort Totten was also the gathering point for an expedition to survey the border between the United States and British Canada in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>As war waned and the threat of raids dwindled, the army struggled to justify its upkeep of a strong military presence across the American frontier. At Fort Totten specifically, the area was so rural that it almost never saw combat. Additionally, the Spirit Lake Tribe had long since become self-sufficient. Indeed, as historian Heather Mulliner writes, "the army’s presence at Totten had become more a nuisance than a source of support." The Spirit Lake Tribe had established their own government and police force, who often clashed with the soldiers at Fort Totten. At the fort, more and more idle soldiers were turning to alcohol and beginning to become unruly. With the army unable to justify its presence on Devils Lake any longer, Fort Totten was decommissioned and abandoned on December 20, 1890.</p><br>
<h3>Boarding school and later history</h3><br>
<p>After its decommissioning, Congress turned over Fort Totten to the Bureau of Indian Affairs, who repurposed it into a Native American boarding school. The new Fort Totten Indian Industrial School focused on assimilating local Native American children into white American society, introducing them to desired ways of life, and cutting them off from their indigenous cultures. Most pupils were from western North Dakota and Montana; most local families, especially those at Spirit Lake, favored St. Michaels Mission due to Fort Tottens rigid structure and English-only curriculum.</p><br>
<p>By the time the boarding school was founded, the buildings were in dire need of maintenance. Due to the cold but humid climate, the brick buildings had to be frequently painted to keep the structures from crumbling, and the schools pupils supplied most of the manual labor to upkeep the physical school. Several of the original fort buildings were demolished during the boarding school period: the dead house, well house, a guardhouse, and half of one of the mess halls. A gymnasium was constructed over the spot where the destroyed barracks and mess hall had once stood. Hallways were constructed to connect two of the former barracks to two former officers quarters. A water tower was also built. The Fort Totten Little Theater, built during this time period, also still stands today.</p><br>
<p>By the time the Great Depression started, the school had partially converted into a day school, with dormitories still maintained for boarding students. Between 1935 and 1939, it hosted a preventorium for Dakota children suffering from tuberculosis. Its financial situation never recovered after the Great Depression, and in 1959, a new campus opened east of the Fort Totten location. On March 6, 1959, Fort Totten ceased operations and the BIA turned the property over to the State Historical Society of North Dakota; its ownership began in 1960. Fort Totten became a North Dakota State Historic Site later that year and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 9, 1971, and the State of North Dakota allocated funds for renovations. Only the buildings and area immediately surrounding the central square are included in the listing, and nothing of the original fort remains outside this area. One of the former officers&#39; quarters was restored and converted into the Totten Trail Historic Inn in 2001 and 2002, which functions both as a hotel and also as a conference and event venue. In 2015, the State of North Dakota and the State Historical Society of North Dakota jointly allocated and raised $600,000 for renovations to the cafeteria/hospital building.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Visitors can access an interpretive center, take a walking tour of 16 original buildings, visit the Pioneer Daughter&#39;s Museum, take in a show at the Fort Totten Little Theatre, and stay at the Totten Trail Historic Inn bed and breakfast. School children often attend the "Fort Totten Living History Field Day" in September.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Barnes, Jeff. Forts of the Northern Plains: Guide to Historic Military Posts of the Plains Indian Wars. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2008.</p><br>
<p>The Rawl-Couch House is located in Batesburg-Leesville, South Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>This two-story, asymmetrical frame dwelling is the areas most distinctive Queen Anne residence. The house was originally constructed in 1893 as a Methodist school, then enlarged and remodeled in its present style in 1908 by John Jacob Rawl, using modified George F. Barber plans to include the one room school house as the new dining room. The house has a one-story wraparound porch, supported by turned posts, with an elaborate arched spindle frieze and turned balusters. A three-story shingle clad turret, with a conical roof rises at the left side of the facade; it is a balanced by a gabled pavilion on the right, with an intricately sawn bargeboard. A second-floor balcony between the turret and the pavilion has a spindle frieze, repeating that of the main porch. The foundation of the house is brick; the roof is original sheet metal shingles. Two corbeled chimneys pierce the central blocks steep hip roof. A multi-paned transom and side lights frame the front door.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Jacob Rawl and his son David built the house for his widowed daughter-in-law, Mrs. Annie Rawl, who had been married to his son, Ed. Ed Rawl died in an accident at one of his father&#39;s lumber factories in Florida. In the 1930s, the house was purchased by D.E. Couch as a family home. It was renovated and updated during the 1980s, and in 1984 the home was entered into the National Register of Historic Places, along with most of the downtown and several other notable homes in the immediate area.</p><br>
<p>The Sinnissippi Mounds are a Havana Hopewell culture burial mound grouping located in the city of Sterling, Illinois, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mounds are a product of the Hopewell tradition which flourished in the Sterling area around 2,000 years ago. At that time, the area was at the center of a vast trade network that stretched up and down the Mississippi River. Mounds such as the Sinnissippi are common throughout the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys.</p><br>
<h3>Discovery</h3><br>
<p>The first European settler in Sterling, Hezekiah Brink, noted the mounds when he arrived in 1834. Among some of the other early European settlers was a group of men who were interested in starting a Science Club. The Sterling Scientific Club, in existence as early as the 1870s, made one of their goals the investigation of the burial mounds near the Rock River.</p><br>
<p>W. C. Holbrook investigated the mounds in 1877 and published a lengthy written account in History of Whiteside County, Illinois, published 1877. One year later, another written account of a mound investigation appeared in The Sterling Daily Gazette. After the 1870s, the burial mounds were looted and most of the archaeologically significant material removed.</p><br>
<h3>Sinnissippi Site</h3><br>
<p>The Sinnissippi Mounds are part of the Sterling Park Districts largest park, Sinnissippi Park. The park was acquired in parcels beginning in 1934. The area of the park where the mounds are found, located on a bluff overlooking the Rock River, was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 14, 1979, as the Sinnissippi Site. It is listed as one of the National Registers "address restricted" sites, despite its public nature.</p><br>
<p>Aldrich Mansion is a late 19th-century property owned by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence since 1939. It is located by the scenic Narragansett Bay at 836 Warwick Neck Avenue in Warwick, Rhode Island, south of Providence, Rhode Island. Originally called Indian Oaks, and once the Senator Nelson W. Aldrich Estate. The extensive estate was developed in 1899 by Nelson W. Aldrich , a Republican Party politician who dominated state politics of the period. The main estate house is a sprawling stone French Renaissance structure with lavish interior decoration. The estates surviving outbuildings include a boathouse and a caretakers house, the latter located across Warwick Neck Avenue from the main estate. Aldrich&#39;s heirs sold the property to the Roman Catholic church in 1939, and it was adapted for use as a seminary. The property now known as "The Aldrich Mansion" still belongs to the Diocese of Providence, and is now available as a site for weddings, formal occasions, business conferences, etc. It is also occasionally used for film and television productions.</p><br>
<p>The estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Brief history</h2><br>
<p>The estate was originally built and owned by Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island and consisted of over 225 acres. The construction of the estate began in 1896 and was completed some 16 years later. In 1901, his daughter, Abby Aldrich, married John D. Rockefeller Jr. at the mansion. In 1939, the Senator&#39;s heirs transferred the Aldrich Mansion and 100 acres to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence for approximately $75,000. From 1946 to 1983, Our Lady of Providence Seminary was housed at the Aldrich Mansion. In 1955, a 100,000+ sq. ft. school was built to house the Seminary. When the seminary relocated, Bishop Hendricken High School used the property as its "Senior Campus" for a decade.</p><br>
<p>The estate is currently set on 72 acres. It consists of the French-inspired mansion, a gatehouse, 10,000 sq. ft. stables, a 7,500 sq. ft. boathouse, a 15,000 sq. ft. seminary chapel, as well as the seminary&#39;s classrooms, dormitories, gymnasium, and dining facilities. The seminary was relocated to Providence some years ago. The facilities were also leased to the Overbrook Academy, a Catholic boarding school for girls, for almost 20 years.</p><br>
<p>It was William Parrish&#39;s mansion in the 1998 motion picture Meet Joe Black.</p><br>
<h2>Usage today</h2><br>
<p>Still owned by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Providence, the Aldrich Mansion is currently used for wedding receptions, conferences, fund raisers, as well as occasional television and film production work.</p><br>
<p>The following are all the contributing resources to the Saint Anthony Falls Historic District in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, thus these properties are on the NRHP. The "period of significance" of the District was 1858–1941. The district&#39;s archaeological record is considered to be one of the most-endangered historic sites in Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>The Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The City Beautiful idea of progress was to replace old buildings with grander new buildings (like the Minneapolis Post Office, the Great Northern Railroad Depot (1912-1978) and the Pillsbury Library). The Gateway clearance in downtown Minneapolis tore down the now revered Metropolitan Building in 1961. That raised thoughts of historic preservation (thoughts that didn&#39;t include the industrial falls area).</p><br>
<p>By then on the west bank most of the flour mills had been torn down, with gravel storage on many of the sites. Waterpower use ended 1960. A few mills operated into the 1960s, with the end of milling, at the Washburn A mill about 1965. In 1969 four of the former flour mills remained standing. For all the historic buildings, use became abandonment, warehousing, light industry, or in one case animal rendering. Second St. had railroad tracks.</p><br>
<p>On the east bank the mighty Pillsbury A mill ended waterpower use 1955, had limited specialty flour milling after 1975, and ended milling in 2003. Three of the four Main Street historic buildings went from commercial to industrial to empty or storage.</p><br>
<p>The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 promoted historic preservation and created the National Register of Historic Places. Minneapolis created the St. Anthony Falls Historic District, and it was added to the NRHP in 1971. The original filing included 21 existing structures. Minneapolis had decided the riverfront and its history was an amenity that could attract people.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the Minneapolis Park Board proposed extending the West River Parkway from Plymouth Ave. through the mill district. That triggered a section 106 review. The review found numerous archaeological remains in the mill area, particularly under gravel piles on the river side of the power canal. Remains were also found between the falls and Plymouth Ave.</p><br>
<p>A great deal of public money has been spent in the Historic District, both on public entities, like the Mill City Museum and Mill Ruins Park, but also (including tax credits) on private redevelopment of historic structures.</p><br>
<p>A lot was learned about the Historic District, and the NRHP nomination was amended in 1991 with much more narrative on the significance plus over four times the entities. A lot of the additions were the archeological remains and the individual houses on Nicollet Island.</p><br>
<p>Note that from the falls downstream the river flows substantially to the south east. In this article "south" will mean downstream and "east" is toward the east bank. (In some other sources "east" is downstream.)</p><br>
<h2>Extant</h2><br>
<h3>St. Anthony Falls Waterpower Area</h3><br>
<p>Use of waterpower at the falls goes back to an 1821 sawmill and an 1823 grist mill, both built by Ft. Snelling. As soon as the area was opened up to white settlement. the land was claimed to get the waterpower rights. The falls was a major saw mill center, then from 1880 to 1930 had the largest flour production in the US. In 1881 the third central station hydroelectric plant in the US was built (for arc lights). Two major hydroelectric plants were built (1894/1911 and 1908) with a third plant (1895) just downstream. One of these plants is still operating. Other industries have also been powered by the falls. Minneapolis developed around these industries. A major part of the District is the remains of these industries (some literally archeological remains).</p><br>
<p>Bridge No. L-8900, crosses S 1st. St., E of 3rd Ave. S.</p><br>
<p>Crown Roller Mill/Consolidated "A" mill, 105 5th Ave. S.</p><br>
<p>Falls of St. Anthony</p><br>
<p>Falls of St. Anthony Apron</p><br>
<p>Falls of St. Anthony Dike</p><br>
<p>pdf pg 54 1893 map of St. Anthony Falls; the dike can be seen labeled "government dyke"</p><br>
<p>Falls of St. Anthony Dam (Horseshoe/upper dam)</p><br>
<p>Falls of St. Anthony, East Channel Escarpment Hennepin Island E of access road extension of 3rd Ave SE</p><br>
<p>Hall and Dann Barrel Company Factory, 111 3rd Ave. S.</p><br>
<p>Hennepin Island Hydroelectric Plant, central Hennepin Island</p><br>
<p>Humboldt Flour Mill/Washburn "E" Mill, 710-714 S. 2nd S. (now historic part of Humboldt Lofts Condos)</p><br>
<p>Log Sluice, E side of Main Street Station to escarpment</p><br>
<p>Main Street Hydroelectric Station, 206 Main St. SE</p><br>
<p>Martin and Morrison Block, 127-129 Main St. SE</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis Eastern Railway Company Engine House, 333 S. 1st St.</p><br>
<p>North Star Woolen Mill, 109 Portland Ave. (now North Star Lofts)</p><br>
<p>Northwestern Consolidated Milling Company Elevator A (Ceresota Elevator), 155 5th Ave S. (now Millers Landing Senior Living)</p><br>
<p>Pillsbury "A" Mill Complex, 301 Main St. SE.</p><br>
<p>Pillsbury "A" Mill Transformer Building, Hennepin Island W of the substation</p><br>
<p>Pillsbury Industrial Equipment/Pillsbury Machine Shop, 300 Second St. SE (now an event venue, cocktail lounge 2016)</p><br>
<p>Pillsbury Warehouse #2, 129 Fifth Ave. SE</p><br>
<p>Pracna Building, 117 Main St. SE</p><br>
<p>Salisbury & Satterlee Company Complex, 201–205; 219 Main St. SE</p><br>
<p>St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, on Hennepin Island</p><br>
<p>St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co. Canal/Pillsbury Canal, from a gate house at 2nd Ave SE and the river then under Main St. to the mid west wall of the Pillsbury A mill.</p><br>
<p>"Data Pages" - Survey, with 4 addenda, includes most of the Mead and Hunt report that extensively documents the tunnel, with pictures, plus additional documentation and history</p><br>
<p>pdf pg 102 - Called a "canal" because of bad associations with "tunnel" after the Eastman tunnel disaster.) was the headrace for the Pillsbury "A" mill turbines (also the Phoenix mill). As part of the redevelopment of the A-mill complex into income limited A-Mill Artist Lofts a penstock pipe was added to the tunnel to supply a new hydroelectric generator in the downstream turbine pit.</p><br>
<p>St. Anthony Falls Water Power Co. Tailrace/Chute Tunnel, under Main St. SE, from about 3rd Ave to 5th Ave SE</p><br>
<p>Standard Flour Mill/Northwestern Consolidated "F" mill, 150 Portland Ave. (Whitney Hotel 1987-2003, now Whitney Lofts 2007)</p><br>
<p>Stone Arch Bridge</p><br>
<p>Upton Block/Union Iron Works, Main St. & 2nd Ave SE (now Aster Cafe)</p><br>
<p>Washburn, Crosby & Company "A" Flour Mill (Washburn "A" Mill Complex), 701 1st St S</p><br>
<p>Washburn-Crosby Company Train Shed, 700 Block of 1st St. S. (now part of the Mill City Museum)</p><br>
<h3>Nicollet Island Residential Area</h3><br>
<p>The upstream end of Nicollet Island had historic houses of varying architectural styles, and developed as a predominantly middle and working class neighborhood. Plans for redeveloping Nicollet Island were to demolish the houses for a park. The Minneapolis Housing and Redevelopment agency started buying properties in 1968. Residents wanted the houses to remain. In an epic struggle the residents won in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Adams-Barquist House, 177 Nicollet St.</p><br>
<p>Andrew and Ole Loberg House, 171 E. Island Ave.</p><br>
<p>Andrew and Ole Loberg House, 175 E. Island Ave.</p><br>
<p>Backe-Barquist House, 91 Nicollet St.</p><br>
<p>Baker-Leber House, 95 W. Island Ave.</p><br>
<p>Barquist-Holmberg House, 167-169 Nicollet St.</p><br>
<p>Brookins, George, W., House, 163 Nicollet St.</p><br>
<p>Griswold, Franklin G., House, 15-17 Maple Pl.</p><br>
<p>Griswold, Franklin, G., House, 107-109 W. Island Ave.</p><br>
<p>Grove St. Flats (Eastman Flats), 2-16 Grove St.</p><br>
<p>house, 27 Maple Pl.</p><br>
<p>house, 18-20 Maple Pl.</p><br>
<p>John Mayell House (also listed as "Mayall, John, House"), 93 Nicollet St.</p><br>
<p>Meader-Farnham House, 103-105 W. Island Ave.</p><br>
<p>Murphy, Edward, House, 167-169 E. Island Ave.</p><br>
<p>O&#39;Brien-Meyer House, 185-186 E. Island Ave.</p><br>
<p>Pease, R.M.S, House, 101 W. Island Ave.</p><br>
<p>Pye, James, House, 163 E. Island Ave.</p><br>
<p>William D. Burnett Tenement, 111-113 W. Island Ave.</p><br>
<p>Woodward Flat Duplex, 183-184 E. Island Ave.</p><br>
<p>Woodward Flat Fourplex, 187-190 E. Island Ave.</p><br>
<h3>Extant - Other</h3><br>
<p>Ard Godfrey House, Ortman St (Chute Square)</p><br>
<p>Island Sash and Door Factory, 95 Merriam Street (now Nicollet Island Inn)</p><br>
<p>Lucy Wilder Morris Park, 6th St SE and river bank</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis Post Office - Main Station, 201 1st St. S</p><br>
<p>Old Main Street (Main St. SE)</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church, 21 SE Prince Street</p><br>
<p>Pillsbury Public Library, 100 University Ave. SE</p><br>
<p>Third Avenue Bridge</p><br>
<h2>Razed (but with archeological remains)</h2><br>
<h3>Associated with the West Bank Power Canal</h3><br>
<p>The falls was the leading US flour milling center from 1880 to 1930. In the following decline many of the west bank mills were demolished in the 1930s. Into the 1960s most of the rest of the west bank mills were demolished or abandoned. Mills were demolished to the ground surface, leaving foundations, drop shafts, tailraces, headraces and sometimes turbines intact. Abandonment of the riverfront meant those remains were not destroyed by new development. Many of these sites are part of the Mill Ruins Park.</p><br>
<p>Alaska Flour Mill/Pillsbury "B" Flour Mill</p><br>
<p>Anchor Flour Mill</p><br>
<p>Arctic Flour Mill/St. Anthony Flour Mill/Northwestern Consolidated "H" MillAs mills were demolished, five of them, with their turbines, were used by Northern States Power Company</p><br>
<p>to generate electricity in what was known as the Consolidated Hydro Plant. This facility ended in 1960 when construction of the lock around the falls blocked the Power Canal.</p><br>
<p>Cataract Flour Mill</p><br>
<p>Clapp Woolen Mill/Empire Mill/Pillsbury "B" Elevator</p><br>
<p>Columbia Flour Mill/Northwestern Consolidated "B" Mill</p><br>
<p>The Fuji Ya restaurant (1968-1990) was built on the partially exposed foundations of the Bassett Sawmill enginehouse and the Columbia Flour Mill. The Minneapolis Park board redeveloped the site as the Water Works Pavilion and Restaurant (2021). Cf Fuji Ya.</p><br>
<p>First Bassett Sawmill/Second City Waterworks/Northwestern Consolidated - storage</p><br>
<p>First City Waterworks/Holly Flour Mill</p><br>
<p>Galaxy Flour Mill/Northwestern Consolidated "C" Mill</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis and St. Louis Railroad Wheelhouse</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis Cotton Mill/Excelsior Flour Mill</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis Eastern Railroad Trestle Piers</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis Flour Mill/Washburn Crosby "D" Mill</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis Mill Co. Gatehouse & Power Canal</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis Paper Mill/Pillsbury Warehouse "C"</p><br>
<p>Northwestern Flour Mill/Northwestern Consolidated"D" Mill</p><br>
<p>Occidental Feed Mill</p><br>
<p>Palisade Flour Mill</p><br>
<p>People&#39;s Flour Mill</p><br>
<p>Pettit Mill/Northwestern Consolidated Elevator "B"</p><br>
<p>Russell Mill/Dakota Mill/King Midas Flour Mill</p><br>
<p>Russell&#39;s Planing Mill/Model Mill/King Midas Flour Mill</p><br>
<p>Second Bassett Sawmill</p><br>
<p>Union Flour Mill/_Northwestern Consolidated storage</p><br>
<p>Washburn "B" Flour Mill Complex</p><br>
<p>Washburn "C" Flour Mill Complex</p><br>
<p>Washburn-Crosby Company Elevator No. 2</p><br>
<p>Zenith Flour Mill/_Northwestern Consolidated "E" Mill</p><br>
<h3>Razed - Other</h3><br>
<p>Bridge No. L-9331, across Tenth Ave S, farthest east of 2nd St S. (now the Gold Medal Park)</p><br>
<p>Bridge No. L-9332, across Tenth Ave S, further east of 2nd St S. (now the Gold Medal Park)</p><br>
<p>Bridge No. L-9333, across Tenth Ave S, immediately east of 2nd St S. (now the Gold Medal Park)</p><br>
<p>Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha RR Roundhouse, 6th Ave N & W River Parkway</p><br>
<p>Eastman tunnel</p><br>
<p>Gateway Residential Area, along West River Parkway between Hennepin Ave and 3rd Ave S. (ca. 1862-1883)</p><br>
<p>History of the Gateway area - west bank near the Hennepin Ave. Bridge.</p><br>
<p>Hennepin Avenue Bridge Archaeological Site</p><br>
<p>Pacific Sawmill, W of West River Parkway between 1st and 2nd Ave. N.</p><br>
<p>Phoenix Flour Mill/Pillsbury Rye Mill, 101-103 Third Ave SE</p><br>
<p>Pillsbury "A" Steam Power Plant, Hennepin Island, E of access road extension of 3rd Ave SE</p><br>
<p>Second East Side Platform Sawmills, East river channel between foot of Second Ave. SE and foot of Third Ave.</p><br>
<p>West Side Power Plant, 3rd Ave. N and West River Road</p><br>
<h2>Other historic properties</h2><br>
<p>These historic properties are, or were, in what is now the St. Anthony Falls Historic District but are not contributing resources to the District.</p><br>
<p>Brown Ryan Livery Stable</p><br>
<p>Fuji Ya Restaurant 420 S 1st St</p><br>
<p>Merriam Street Bridge - crosses the Mississippi from the lower end of Nicollet Island to the east river bank.</p><br>
<p>Minneapolis Boiler Works - 121-129 Fifth Ave (NE corner of 2nd St S and 5th Ave S) (1881, 1884, 1885-1985)</p><br>
<p>John H Stevens House</p><br>
<p>The Indiana World War Memorial Plaza is an urban feature and war memorial located in downtown Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, originally built to honor the veterans of World War I. It was conceived in 1919 as a location for the national headquarters of the American Legion and a memorial to the states and nations veterans.</p><br>
<p>The original five-block plaza is bounded by Meridian Street (west), St. Clair Street (north), Pennsylvania Street (east), and New York Street (south). American Legion Mall comprises the two northernmost blocks and is home to the Legions administrative buildings and a cenotaph. Veterans Memorial Plaza, with its obelisk, forms the third block. The plazas focal point, the Indiana World War Memorial, is located on the fourth block. Modeled after the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, it houses a military museum and auditorium. The fifth and southernmost block is University Park, home to statues and a fountain.</p><br>
<p>On October 11, 1994, the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza was designated a National Historic Landmark District. In 2016, the district was enlarged to include in its scope the Soldiers and Sailors Monument and was renamed the Indiana World War Memorial Historic District. Combined, it is the largest war memorial project in the United States, encompassing 24 acres.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The origins of the Indiana World War Memorial Plaza lay in a 1919 attempt by the city of Indianapolis to lure the newly formed American Legion from its temporary headquarters in New York City. The American Legion, chartered by Congress following World War I, is an organization of veterans that sponsors youth programs, promotes patriotism and national security and provides a commitment to Americans who have served in the armed forces.</p><br>
<p>At an American Legion national convention in Minneapolis in November 1919, cities sent representatives to lobby to become the new headquarters. Indianapolis drew support because of its central location within the United States and the city&#39;s shows of patriotism. Although Washington, D.C. received the most votes on the first ballot, Indianapolis gained a majority and won the second with 361 votes of 684 cast.</p><br>
<p>The city and state then had to provide a location, and one of the promises the city made was to erect a fitting memorial to those who served in World War I. Thus, in January 1920 a public library, St. Clair Park, University Park, and two occupied city blocks were designated as the site for the plaza, with one new building for the American Legion to use as their national headquarters, various public buildings, and a war memorial. The Indiana War Memorial Bill was passed in July 1920 and appropriated $2 million for construction and land. The Plaza was dedicated by the Legion in November 1921 with the laying of a cornerstone from the bridge over the River Marne at Château-Thierry. About 45 buildings on the blocks were demolished in 1926, though several were relocated, and the Second Presbyterian Church and the First Baptist Church were not demolished until 1960.</p><br>
<p>Various architects were invited by an appointed War Memorial Board, led by professional advisor and trustee Thomas Rogers Kimball, to submit designs for a memorial intended to honor all who fought in World War I and also to provide meeting places, archives, and offices for the American Legion. Cleveland, Ohio-based Walker and Weeks was selected in 1923. Their plan consisted of a central memorial and two auxiliary buildings, an obelisk, a mall, and a cenotaph. Bids for the American Legion building, one of the two auxiliary buildings, were put out in 1925, and construction by the Craig-Curtiss Company began the same year. The buildings were neoclassical in design to complement the existing Central Library and USA Courthouse and Post Office; completed before the plazas development, the buildings anchor the north and south ends of the plaza, respectively. The second auxiliary building was not constructed until 1950. When Congress authorized the payment of World War I veterans bonuses in 1936, the state of Indiana used the money for the construction of the memorial plaza, rather than paying it to the veterans. One additional building was planned but never built.</p><br>
<p>Indiana World War Memorial Plaza&#39;s buildings and greenspaces exemplify City Beautiful movement design principles organized on classical, uniform, and beautiful public architecture. In 1989, the plaza was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and was named a National Historic Landmark District in 1994. The historic district boundaries have expanded to include additional off-site memorials dedicated in recent years, including the USS Indianapolis CA-35 Memorial (1995), Medal of Honor Memorial (1999), and Indiana 9/11 Memorial (2011).</p><br>
<p>Indiana World War Memorial Plaza is a frequent host to civic events and military services, namely the national observances of Memorial Day, Independence Day, and Veterans Day. It has been the site of numerous festivals, including Indiana Black Expo&#39;s Heritage Music Festival and Indy Pride. The plaza served as the site of the National Sports Festival IV opening ceremonies in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>American Legion Mall</h2><br>
<p>American Legion Mall covers the two northernmost blocks of the five-block civic center. The mall is bounded by Meridian Street (west), St. Clair Street (north), Pennsylvania Street (east), and North Street (south). Prior to its construction, the south block of the mall was home to the Indiana School for the Blind and Visually Impaired.The two auxiliary buildings on the plaza are used by the American Legion. Both buildings were constructed from Indiana limestone in neoclassical style, consistent with the Indianapolis Central Library to the north. Until 2014, the west building fronting Meridian Street served as the Indiana Veterans Support Center. The larger east building fronting Pennsylvania Street serves as the Legions national headquarters, housing mail services, archives, and other internal administrative functions of the Legion; the lobbying efforts of the Legion are based in its Washington, D.C. office. Its two wings are joined by a recessed central entrance.</p><br>
<p>The Vietnam and Korean Wars Memorial (1996) consist of two semi-circular limestone and granite monuments divided proportionally to represent the number of casualties from each conflict. Both monuments are engraved with the names of Hoosiers killed in the Korean War and Vietnam War along with excerpts from letters home. The World War II Memorial (1998) is a single cylindrical limestone monument engraved with the names of Hoosier World War II casualties. A free-standing column lists operations and campaigns of the war. Both memorials were designed by architect Patrick Brunner. The Gold Star Families Memorial Monument, situated in the northeast quadrant of the mall, was dedicated on May 1, 2021.</p><br>
<h3>Cenotaph Square</h3><br>
<p>Cenotaph Square is situated between the two auxiliary buildings, south of the Central Library, and to the north of the sunken garden. The rectangular black granite cenotaph centered in it rests upon a base of red and dark green granite. Four shafts of black granite topped with gold eagles mark the corners of the square.</p><br>
<p>The inscription on the north face of the cenotaph memorializes James Bethel Gresham, a Hoosier who was the first member of the American Expeditionary Force to be killed in action in World War I. A native of Evansville, Indiana, he was a corporal in the 16th Infantry Regiment and was killed at Bathelémont, France, on November 3, 1917. The inscription on the south side reads "A tribute by Indiana to the hallowed memory of the glorious dead who served in the World War."</p><br>
<h2>Veterans Memorial Plaza</h2><br>
<p>The Veterans Memorial Plaza, also called Obelisk Square, is located on the third block, south of American Legion Mall. Near the base of the obelisk are 4 ft-by-8 ft panels placed in 1929 representing law, science, religion, and education intended to represent the fundamentals of the nation. The obelisk rises from a 100 ft, two-level fountain made of pink Georgia marble and terrazzo. The fountain has two basins, spray rings, and multicolored lights.</p><br>
<p>The square was originally paved with asphalt, but it was landscaped with grass and trees in 1975. They were replaced with the flags of countries of the Americas during the 1987 Pan American Games.</p><br>
<h2>War Memorial building</h2><br>
<p>Architects Walker and Weeks planned the Indiana World War Memorial building as the plaza&#39;s centerpiece, sited between the federal building and the public library. Work on the actual memorial to the veterans of World War I began in early 1926. Five of the seven buildings located on the site had to be demolished before the construction commenced; the other two, Second Presbyterian Church and First Baptist Church, were not demolished until 1960. General John Pershing laid the cornerstone of the memorial on July 4, 1927, saying he was "consecrating the edifice as a patriotic shrine". Funding problems in 1928 slowed the building of the interior. Even a new contractor in 1931 and $195,000 provided by the Public Works Administration in 1936 did little to speed the process of completing the structure. Although its interior was incomplete, it was dedicated on November 11, 1933 (Veterans Day) by Governor Paul McNutt and Lt. Gen. Hugh Drum, Deputy Chief of Staff of the United States Army. In 1949, a local newspaper reported that the memorial was already deteriorating, its limestone scaling, paint peeling, leaks forming, and plaster cracking; further reports were published in 1961. Despite proposals to develop the area instead of completing it as originally planned, the memorial and surrounding landscaping were finally completed in 1965.</p><br>
<p>The memorial&#39;s design is based upon the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. At 210 ft tall, it is approximately 75 ft taller than the original mausoleum. The blue lights that shine between columns on the side of the War Memorial make the monument easily recognizable. It is the most imposing neoclassical structure in Indianapolis due to its scale and size.</p><br>
<p>The cubical structure is clad in unrelieved ashlar Indiana limestone on a high, lightly rusticated base, and is topped with a low pyramidal roof that sheathes its interior dome. It stands on a raised terrace approached by a wide monumental staircase. The structure has four identical faces. On each face, an Ionic screen of six columns, behind which are tall banks of windows, and is surmounted by symbolic standing figures designed by Henry Hering: Courage, Memory, Peace, Victory, Liberty, and Patriotism. The sculptures are repeated on each façade. On the south side, standing on a pink granite base in the center of the grand access stairs, is Hering&#39;s colossal exultant male nude bronze Pro Patria (1929); it is 24 ft high, weighs seven tons, and was the largest cast bronze sculpture in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The north and south entrances are guarded by shield-bearing limestone lions, and on each corner of the terrace sits an urn. The pyramidal roof is stepped and has a lantern on top. Above the tall bronze doors on each side is the inscription "To vindicate the principles of peace and justice in the world." On the north side is the building&#39;s main inscription:</p><br>
<p>The memorial hosted 156,241 visitors in 2019.</p><br>
<h3>Indiana War Memorial Museum</h3><br>
<p>The main entrance of the Indiana War Memorial Museum is on the north façade, which opens into a large hall with Tennessee marble floors and Art Deco Egyptian themes. The museum is housed mainly on the lower level of the monument and honors the efforts of Hoosier soldiers in a timeline from the American Revolutionary War to modern conflicts. World War I and World War II are featured most prominently. Aside from firearms, it features a Cobra helicopter and the s commission plate. There are over 400 military flags housed in the museum, more than 300 of which are from the American Civil War. Indianas Liberty Bell replica is located near the main entrance. It is of the kind given to each state by the federal government in 1950 to encourage the purchase of savings bonds.</p><br>
<p>Additional museum exhibits are displayed on the main level of the monument. An exhibit replicating the radio room of the includes original equipment from World War II was opened on November 7, 2009. The Grand Foyer main level features the 500-seat Pershing Auditorium, built and decorated with materials donated from several states and World War I allies. The memorial also has three meeting rooms on the main level; these rooms were originally named in honor of General George Patton, General Douglas MacArthur, and Admiral Chester Nimitz. In 2009, the rooms were renamed in honor of Hoosier veterans: Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, General David M. Shoup, and Major Samuel Woodfill.</p><br>
<p>Above the main level is the Shrine Room, nearly a vertical double cube, 110 ft high and 60 ft on a side, clad in materials collected from all the allied nations of World War I. Accessed by two staircases from the Grand Foyer, the Shrine Room Stairways American Pavonazzo marble walls bear the names of all Hoosiers who fought in World War I. On the east and west sides are paintings by Walter Brough of the leading soldiers of France, America, Great Britain, Belgium, Italy, and Serbia. Surrounding the room are sculptor Frank Jirouchs plaster frieze depicting events of World War I. At the center of the space, beneath a giant hanging 17 ft-by-30 ft American flag, is the Altar of Consecration, flanked at the corners with cauldrons on tripod stands. Above the flag is the Star of Destiny, made of Swedish crystal, representing the future of the nation.</p><br>
<h3>Colonel Eli Lilly Civil War Museum</h3><br>
<p>In December 2021, the Colonel Eli Lilly Civil War Museum reopened in new quarters in the War Memorial building. The museum had formerly been housed for almost 20 years three blocks south in the basement of the Soldiers and Sailors Monument, but water leakage there forced the removal of all artifacts in 2018. The War Memorial space is larger, allowing more artifacts to be displayed, and includes American Civil War items from the Military Museum collection.</p><br>
<h2>University Park</h2><br>
<p>University Park occupies the southernmost block of the plaza, bounded by Meridian Street (west), Vermont Street (north), Pennsylvania Street (east), and New York Street (south). The park was originally reserved for a state university in 1827; however, it became the site of a seminary, the city&#39;s first high school, and a training ground for Union troops during the American Civil War. In 1876, the site was designated a public park. In 1914, the park was redesigned by landscape architect George Kessler as part of the park and boulevard system plan commissioned by the city.</p><br>
<p>Among the parks features are three statues of prominent Hoosiers. The Colfax Memorial (1887) is located east of Depew Memorial Fountain and was designed by Lorado Taft. Benjamin Harrison (1908) was designed by Henry Bacon and Charles Niehaus and is located at the south end of the park facing New York Street. The statue of Abraham Lincoln (1934), located at the parks southeast corner, was designed by Henry Hering. Other sculptures include Syrinx (1973) by Adolph Wolter and Pan (1980) by Roger White. Other features include benches, tree plantings, and street lamps designed with acorn globes and fluted shafts. Two of the lamps are decorated with lions&#39; heads standing on the backs of metal turtles.</p><br>
<h3>Depew Memorial Fountain</h3><br>
<p>The Depew Memorial Fountain is a free-standing fountain completed in 1919. It is composed of multiple bronze figures arranged on a five-tier granite stone base with three basins. The bronze sculptures depict fish, eight children dancing, and a woman on the topmost tier dancing and playing cymbals.</p><br>
<p>The fountain was commissioned in memory of Dr. Richard J. Depew by his wife, Emma Ely, following Dr. Depews death in 1887. When Mrs. Depew died in 1913, she had bequeathed $50,000 from her estate to the city of Indianapolis for the erection of a fountain in memory of her husband "in some park or public place where all classes of people may enjoy it." The original design was created by Karl Bitter, who was killed in a traffic accident in 1915 before the work could be finished. Following Bitters overall design, Alexander Stirling Calder created the bronze figures and the fountain. Architect Henry Bacon designed the fountain&#39;s setting.</p><br>
<p>The Pentagon Barracks, also known as the Old United States Barracks, is a complex of buildings located at the corner of State Capitol Drive and River Road in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in the grounds of the state capitol. The site was used by the Spanish, French, British, Confederate States Army, and United States Army and was part of the short-lived Republic of West Florida. During its use as a military post the site has been visited by such notable figures as Zachary Taylor,</p><br>
<p>Lafayette, Robert E. Lee, George Custer, Jefferson Davis, and Abraham Lincoln.</p><br>
<h2>French, British and Spanish fort</h2><br>
<p>Pierre Le Moyne d&#39;Iberville visited the area circa 1700. France retained the Baton Rouge site until the British took control in 1763.</p><br>
<p>In 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, the British erected a dirt Fort New Richmond on the banks of the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez, colonial governor of Louisiana (New Spain), arrived on 20 September 1779 and found three hundred British troops garrisoning Fort New Richmond. In the Battle of Baton Rouge (1779), engineers under Spanish Governor Gálvez quickly constructed a siege line, enabling the Spanish troops to shell Fort Richmond; the British surrendered the next day. The Spanish garrisoned the fortification and renamedit as Fort San Carlos.</p><br>
<p>The reconstruction of the fort can be seen in many plans at the</p><br>
<h2>Republic of West Florida</h2><br>
<p>American and remaining British settlers in Louisiana resisted Spanish control and rebelled in 1810 to establish the Republic of West Florida. They flew their Bonnie Blue Flag over Fort San Carlos throughout the republic&#39;s short three-month life. The Republic surrendered the city of Baton Rouge to United States authorities on December 10, 1810.</p><br>
<h2>U. S. military post at Baton Rouge</h2><br>
<p>American forces renamed the fort Post at Baton Rouge. The Post at Baton Rouge served as the assembly point for American troops going to the Creek War in 1813-14 and to the Battle of New Orleans in 1814-15. The Army built the Baton Rouge Barracks just north of the Post at Baton Rouge and in 1819 demolished the former Fort San Carlos.</p><br>
<p>United States Army Captain James Gadsden designed the Baton Rouge Barracks and took charge of their construction from 1819 to 1825. The soldiers completed four two-story brick buildings, forming four sides of a regular pentagon, by 1825, hence the nickname "Pentagon Barracks." They also built a commissary-warehouse building, forming the fifth side of the pentagon, in 1821, but tore down this defective building within a few months due to faulty construction. The Pentagon Barracks could house one thousand troops.</p><br>
<p>The Army in 1825 established a large adjacent Baton Rouge Arsenal and Ordnance Depot to serve the then-Southwestern United States.</p><br>
<h2>American Civil War</h2><br>
<p>The United States Army occupied the Baton Rouge Barracks and Arsenal until January 1861, when the State of Louisiana seized the post and turned the operation of the arsenal over to the Confederate States of America. The Confederacy held Baton Rouge until its evacuation during the capture of New Orleans in April 1862. Union troops took back and reoccupied the Baton Rouge complex in May 1862.</p><br>
<p>The Confederates attempted unsuccessfully to retake Baton Rouge in the Battle of Baton Rouge (1862). Union authorities renamed the Barracks and Arsenal as Fort Williams after Union General Thomas Williams, who was killed in the battle. Union soldiers built earthworks to protect the complex, incorporating an old Indian mound into the defenses.</p><br>
<h2>Louisiana State University</h2><br>
<p>In 1884, the General Assembly of Louisiana passed a resolution allocating the full usage of the buildings and grounds of the Pentagon Barracks to Louisiana State University. The University gained full possession of the grounds in 1886 and the buildings were used as dormitories for the students. The grounds were used by LSU until the university moved to its current location in 1926.</p><br>
<p>Sigma Iota fraternity was founded there on November 27, 1904 as a secret society for Spanish-American students under the name La Colonia Hispano-Americana. Soon after its founding La Colonia Hispano-Americano decided to change its name to Sociedad Hispano-Americana in December 1904.</p><br>
<h2>Modern use</h2><br>
<p>In 1951, ownership of the Barracks was transferred to the State of Louisiana and on July 26, 1973, the buildings were placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Pentagon Barracks still houses the offices of the lieutenant governor and private apartments for state legislators.</p><br>
<p>Kelloggs Grove is an area in western Stephenson County, Illinois, United States near the present-day unincorporated town of Kent. The grove is considered historically significant because it was the site of two minor skirmishes during the Black Hawk War in 1832. Today, most of the grove is privately owned but 1.5 acre are allocated as a park owned by Stephenson County. While most of the battle occurred on what is today private property the park contains a monument dedicated to the battle and cemetery with the graves of several militia members killed during the skirmish at Kelloggs Grove. The cemetery also holds the graves of those killed in other area battles. The Kellogg&#39;s Grove battle site was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Grove</h2><br>
<p>The area of Kelloggs Grove is associated with two skirmishes that occurred during the Black Hawk War and encompasses approximately 56 acre located on a ridgeline overlooking the Yellow Creek Valley to its west, north and east, and the Plum River Valley to its south and west. Today, all but 1.5 acre of the grove are privately owned. The privately owned portions of Kelloggs Grove include the area where the original Kellogg Cabin was located as well as the remains of the lead wagon Kellogg Trail from Galena to Peoria. The same, privately owned, areas are where the actual skirmishes during the Battle of Kelloggs Grove occurred. When the grove was nominated for inclusion on the USA National Register of Historic Places wagon ruts still remained from the old trail, as did the foundation of the old cabin. Kelloggs Grove was listed on the National Register on June 23, 1978.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kellogg&#39;s Grove, originally known as Burr Oak Grove, was a high point along a Native American trail between Peoria and Prairie du Chien, later the trail was used by fur traders. During the 1820s people began to move from southern Illinois into the lead producing areas in and around Galena, Illinois in the far northwestern corner of the state. New York state native, and brother-in-law to the founder of Dixon, Illinois John W. Dixon, Oliver W. Kellogg was one of the people who helped develop the wagon trail from Galena to Peoria.</p><br>
<p>In 1827 Kellogg settled in the grove and built his log cabin and barn on the site. Kelloggs cabin was often used as a wayside inn by stagecoach travelers along the lead trail and the area along the trail became known as Kelloggs Grove. When the Kelloggs moved south to Buffalo Grove in 1831 the area became known as "Kellogg&#39;s Old Place."</p><br>
<p>Kelloggs Grove was the site of two skirmishes during the Black Hawk War in June 1832. The first skirmish took place on June 15, 1832 and resulted in the deaths of three members of the militia. The second skirmish occurred on June 25 and killed five militia members and at least nine Native Americans. Much of the second battle was fought at the Kellogg log cabin and barn where 25 horses and three militia men were killed. The Native American forces in the battle were under the command of Black Hawk. The militia commanders were, Captain Adam Wilson Snyder during the first battle and a Major John Dement during the second battle. The day after the second battle a company of Illinois militia that included Abraham Lincoln arrived to help bury the dead. Lincoln later made a statement reflecting on that days events that was quoted by Carl Sandburg in his book Abraham Lincoln The Prairie Years. The June 25 battle at Kellogg&#39;s Grove was the last battle or skirmish of the Black Hawk War to be fought in Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>In 1886 Stephenson County obtained the title to a 1.5 acre tract of land within the original Kelloggs Grove area. This area was converted into a park which includes a monument and small cemetery commemorating the Battle of Kelloggs Grove and the Battle of Waddams Grove, another skirmish which occurred near the present-day community of Waddam&#39;s Grove. Blackhawk Battlefield Park is located near the small, unincorporated community of Kent, Illinois. Besides the monument the park includes picnic areas, a shelter, and playground, and in 1981 a log cabin was moved to the site.</p><br>
<p>The monument was erected in 1887 and is constructed from native limestone, on its sides are three marble plaques. The apex of the monument is topped with a pyramid of cannonballs. It is 8 ft square at its base and 3 ft square at its top and stands 34 ft tall. At the foot of the monument is a small cemetery which contains the graves of militia men killed in four separate engagements during the Black Hawk War. The monument and cemetery are enclosed by a 15 by wrought iron fence.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery contains the graves of Felix St. Vrain, Joseph H. Fowler, William Hale, and Aquila Floyd, all killed during the St. Vrain massacre on May 24, 1832. It also has the graves of those killed in both Battles of Kelloggs Grove, those include: Mecomson, Benjamin Scott and Benjamin McDaniel, killed during the first skirmish and James Black, James B. Bank, Abner Bradford, Marcus Randolph, and Robert Meek, all killed during the second skirmish. Finally, the cemetery contains the graves of three militia men killed during the Battle of Waddams Grove and two militia men killed at other times during the Black Hawk War.</p><br>
<p>Of the men buried at Kellogg&#39;s Grove only the five killed in the second battle at the site were originally buried in the grove. Most of the graves were located at the spots where the militia men fell. During the 1880s area farmers began a movement to collect those remains and bury them at one spot with a fitting monument, which led to the 1887 erection of the current stone monument and cemetery at the site.</p><br>
<p>A statue of Abraham Lincoln by local Freeport, Illinois sculptor Jay Castro was installed at the park in June, 2018. Lincoln was 23 years old when he came here to bury the dead from the Blackhawk War. ″I tried to show compassion… so I came up with Lincoln leaning on a shovel, head bowed in reverence, and carrying a rifle signifying war”.</p><br>
<p>The Saint Paul Municipal Grain Terminal is a six-story grain elevator also known as the head house and sack house, and sits on piers over the Mississippi River in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It was built between 1927 and 1931 as part of the Equity Cooperative Exchange and is a remnant of Saint Paul&#39;s early history as a Mississippi River port city. The Saint Paul Municipal Grain Terminal was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Historical grain terminal</h2><br>
<p>The structure is nationally significant as the first successful grain terminal elevator owned and operated by a farm cooperative in the United States. At one time the facility included 90 grain silos, a small mill, the head house for loading grain onto barges and train cars, and the sack house for sacking milled flour.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Grain Terminal is located at 266 Old Shepard Road, Saint Paul, Minnesota. Renovated and renamed "City House," it is available to rent for meetings, events and gatherings.</p><br>
<p>Once slated for demolition and listed as one of the most endangered historic sites in Minnesota, the municipal grain terminal on the Upper Landing now serves as a unique park pavilion, interpretive center and event venue. It is now called City House, as it was during the height of the farmers’ cooperative movement of the 1920 and 30s.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, plans to redevelop the Upper Landing – a former industrial site – were stalled due to several issues, including the dilapidated state of the grain terminal complex. To resolve this and other key issues, the Riverfront Corporation formed a task force, which included representatives from the Upper Landing&#39;s master developer Centex, the city, the Port Authority and surrounding neighborhoods, plus historians and preservationists. With regard to the grain terminal, the task force acknowledged that the buildings were historically significant and should be saved if possible, but also noted that the site could not be held indefinitely in its deteriorated condition.</p><br>
<p>To gather ideas and garner support for rehabilitating the grain terminal buildings, the Riverfront Corporation created the 2002 WHAZIT! Contest – a design competition that brought in over 200 ideas from across the USA and 13 foreign countries. The Saint Paul City Council asked the city, Riverfront Corporation staff, Centex and the Port Authority to review the entries in order to find the most appropriate and viable ideas.</p><br>
<p>After restaurant plans failed to materialize, the city, Riverfront Corporation and stakeholders worked to develop and finance redevelopment of the site as a park pavilion, trail head, interpretive center and event venue. The Riverfront Corporation wrote a successful request for a $1 million federal TEA-21 grant for building renovation. Additional funding for the project came from State of Minnesota bonding, Saint Paul Housing and Redevelopment Authority, Centex, Minnesota DEED, and Saint Paul Cultural STAR grant. The Riverfront Corporation secured funds from The CHS Foundation, Mississippi River Fund, The McKnight Foundation through Historic Saint Paul, and Saint Paul Cultural STAR to develop historic themes and exhibits for the buildings. Overall building redevelopment and exhibit costs were $3,127,500. The award-winning architectural firm Meyer Sherer Rockcastle served as the architect for the City House project.</p><br>
<p>Based on its national significance in the farmers&#39; cooperative movement and its importance in the history of shipping on the river, the property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Today, City House is managed by Saint Paul Parks and Recreation and is open from dawn to dusk. Cantilevered out over the Mississippi River, the complex offers expansive views of the river valley and the downtown skyline.</p><br>
<p>First Shearith Israel Graveyard, also known as Chatham Square Cemetery, is a tiny Jewish graveyard at 55-57 St. James Place in the Two Bridges neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is the oldest of three Manhattan graveyards currently maintained by Congregation Shearith Israel , which is itself the oldest Jewish congregation in North America.  Today, the cemetery is a mere fragment of its original extent. Only about a hundred headstones and above ground tombs can still be seen in what remains of the old burial ground, which rises slightly above street level. It is the only remaining 17th century structure in Manhattan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In a letter in 1776, a staff officer of General George Washington recommended emplacing an artillery battery "at the foot of the Jews burying ground" to help secure Long Island Sound. American prisoners of war were buried en masse in entrenchments beyond the graveyard. In 1823, a city ordinance prohibited burials south of Canal Street, compelling the congregation to rely on its second burial ground, consecrated in 1805 at West 11th Street in Greenwich Village. (Notwithstanding this, a few more burials took place at Chatham Square up to 1833.) Much of this burden was alleviated in 1829, when Shearith Israels third cemetery was consecrated at 21st Street just west of 6th Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Encroaching development and erosion necessitated several instances over the years in which the congregation was forced to reduce the size of the Chatham Square Cemetery and disinter bodies, which were moved to their three other graveyards. In 1851, city public health officials prohibited burial south of 86th Street and in partnership with other synagogues, the congregation purchased a large plot of land in Ridgewood, Queens as a fourth cemetery. The most notable of these instances was in 1855, when a large portion of the cemetery was seized by eminent domain. This accommodated expansion of the Bowery — including the cut-through of today&#39;s St. James Place — and some 256 graves were removed.</p><br>
<p>Today, access to the cemetery is by appointment only.</p><br>
<h2>Burials</h2><br>
<p>From 1656 until 1825, all of the practicing Jews of New York City belonged to the Shearith Israel congregation and were buried here, including 22 who fought in the Revolutionary War. Among the notable burials (which may include those whose bodies were later removed) were:</p><br>
<p>Reverend Gershom Mendes Seixas (1745–1816), the first American born Jewish spiritual leader</p><br>
<p>Dr. Walter Jonas Judah, the second Jew known to attend an American medical school (King&#39;s College, now Columbia University) and the first native-born Jew to do so; he died at age 20 of yellow fever</p><br>
<p>The Church Park Historic District is a historic district and part of downtown Goshen, the seat of Orange County, New York, United States. It takes its name from the large triangular park formed at the center of the village by Main Street , Park Place and South Church Street. It is defined as bounded by Green Street on the south, Main Street, Webster Avenue, and then back across Main at Erie Street across the Historic Track to Kelsey Lane, South Church Street, South Street and back to Green. There are 107 buildings and three objects within the district.</p><br>
<p>At the north end of the triangle are First Presbyterian Church, whose distinctive spire dominates the village&#39;s skyline, giving the district its name. It was first designated when added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as bounded by Park, Main and Webster. In 2004 it was expanded to its current boundaries.</p><br>
<p>The village designated the area an Architectural Design District a few years after the district was added to the Register. This provides for review of design elements for any new construction within its boundaries to ensure that they conform to its historic character, which stands as a stark contrast to the brutalist, Paul Rudolph-designed Orange County Government Center to the north of the district. Most of the properties within are either churches, county government buildings or professional offices, with residential uses taking up the side streets. There is some retail along the west side of Main Street near the southwestern corner of the district, where it abuts Goshen&#39;s main downtown shopping district.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The districts 1,020 acres (4 km) includes three contributing properties that are Registered Historic Places in their own right. Foremost among them is the Historic Track, a National Historic Landmark where harness racing has taken place since 1838, making it the oldest continuously operated horse racing facility in the USA In front of it, on Main Street near the north end of the district, is the Tudor Revival Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame. Facing the church from across Main is the countys 1841 courthouse, a magnificent Greek Revival structure designed by popular local architect Thornton Niven.</p><br>
<p>Just north of the church is Orange County&#39;s 1887 government building, and in the middle of the intersection of Main and Park is a Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson statue commemorating the "Orange Blossoms", a locally raised regiment that fought with distinction in the Civil War. The Goshen United Methodist Church, almost as tall as its neighbor, adjoins the old courthouse.</p><br>
<p>At the corner of Park and South Church, another monument remembers the village&#39;s sacrifice during the Revolutionary War. A granite obelisk marks the mass grave of the local militiamen who died in the disastrous Battle of Minisink. It took 43 years for locals to make the trip to the battle site and retrieve what bones they could.</p><br>
<p>Main Street to the north of the intersection is wide and lined with historic buildings on both sides. They include a house from which President Ulysses S. Grant watched the horse races in 1873 and the early 20th-century school building which now serves as main offices for the Goshen Central School District.</p><br>
<p>Mariner&#39;s Temple is a Baptist church at 3 Henry Street, in the Two Bridges section of Manhattan, New York City. It is a brownstone building with Ionic columns. It is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was established in 1795 as Oliver Street Baptist Church. The building was inaugurated in 1845. Early Swedish Baptist leaders Anders Wiberg and John Alexis Edgren were ordained in the church in 1852 and 1866, respectively. Reverend Dr. Henrietta Carter became pastor in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Beliefs</h2><br>
<p>The church has a Baptist confession of faith and is a member of the American Baptist Churches USA.</p><br>
<p>Deetjen&#39;s Big Sur Inn, a collection of single wall buildings, cabins, and a restaurant in Castro Canyon, was one of the first visitor accommodation to offer overnight lodging and meals in Big Sur for California visitors and travelers after the opening of Highway 1 in 1937. Helmuth Deetjen initially built cottages for others in Carmel, and was attracted to the Big Sur coast that reminded him of Norway. In 1926, he bought 6 acres and began construction of a home. He met Helen Haight and when Highway 1 was completed in 1937, they opened an inn. Helmuth managed the Inn until his death in October 1972, when its operation passed to a non-profit foundation. The Inn was closed for a short time after the Soberanes Fire and subsequent winter floods damaged several structures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Helmuth Deetjen emigrated from Bergen, Norway and arrived in New York City about 1916, where he lived in Brooklyn and worked in construction. He arrived in Carmel and met Helen Haight, then employed as a private nurse. She had been born in Georgia and came with her mother and two siblings to California before 1900. She had been a governess for a family in Oakland and later a buyer for the White House department store in San Francisco. They both liked the Big Sur region and camped along the coast.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, Helmuth bought 6 acres from Castro, whose father David Castro bought the land in the late 1800s. He filled in the ravine in Castro Canyon to create a level construction site. Then he began construction of a building. Helmuth and Helen moved to Big Sur in the early 1930s. They lived in a tent at first, then Helmuth built a large barn of timbers obtained from an obsolete wharf along Cannery Row in Monterey.</p><br>
<p>He built several small Norwegian style cottages and bought more land, until they owned 40 acres. As was the custom of the day, the couple welcomed travelers along the wagon road that connected Big Sur to Monterey, a trip that could take up to three days. On August 22, 1936, they bought an additional 3.95 acres of the former Castro Ranch.</p><br>
<p>They added a restaurant in 1939 run by Helen that became known for its excellent food. Helmuth made and sold hand-carved candle sticks, bowls, benches, tables, as well as cabinets in a shop next to the restaurant. The Deetjens came to be known in the area as "Grandpa" and "Grandma" to everyone. They formally married in early October, 1938.</p><br>
<p>The Hayloft Building has a number of historic features, including glass Helmuth made himself in King City and brought over the mountains to Big Sur by mule. When Helmuth died in 1972, the inn comprised 20 rooms and 55 acres. He directed in his will that the state Department of Parks and Recreation take over the property. The estate trustee next directed that the property be offered to the National Historical Foundation, but they declined. Monterey County was given a chance at the land and buildings, but the Monterey County Parks Department estimated a new water system would cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, and the county rejected the offer. The Board of Supervisors instead asked the Superior Court to permit them to turn it over to a qualified non-profit.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The land and buildings are owned by Deetjens Big Sur Inn Preservation Foundation Inc, representing Deetjen&#39;s estate, whose president is Kent Seavey of Pacific Grove, former curator of the California Historical Society and former director of the Carmel Museum of Art. In 1990 the inn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>Closure</h3><br>
<p>The Inn was closed due to the Soberanes Fire in 2017 and remained closed due to subsequent damage during the following winter. The landowner reported $181,723 in storm damage repairs and assets of $1,333,186 in 2017., the Inn and restaurant have reopened.</p><br>
<p>The Maine State Building is a historic building on Preservation Way, part of the Poland Springs resort complex in South Poland, Maine. It was built in 1893 at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Designed by Chicago architect Charles Sumner Frost, a Lewiston, Maine native and MIT graduate, the building was constructed of granite with a slate roof. All the materials were from Maine and crafted by craftsmen and companies from Maine. At the fair, the building was filled with displays about the State of Maine.</p><br>
<p>The granite that composed the building came from ten different quarries throughout the state and the slate on the roof comes from the Monson Slate Company of Monson, Maine.</p><br>
<p>The Ricker Family bought the building for $30,000. Arrangements were made for the dismantling of the building and shipping by freight train back to Maine, which was to take 16 freight cars. The Rickers sent a crew of 19 men to Chicago, led by Forest Walker of Poland, the resorts head carpenter and civil engineer to take the building down, carefully marking each section. The building was taken apart under the personal supervision of Hiram W. Ricker, loaded on a special train of sixteen cars and transported to Maine, at a cost of over three thousand dollars. It was to become the crowning feature of the opening of the season of 1895. The cornerstone was laid on August 14, 1894, and the Maine State Building was dedicated on July 1, 1895, as part of the celebration marking the Rickers settling in Poland.</p><br>
<p>After its move to Poland Spring, the first floor was dedicated to a library and reading room. The second floor had bedrooms for overnight guests. The third floor was an Art Gallery where American art was shown.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Maine State Building is under the supervision of the Poland Spring Preservation Society, an organization dedicated to the restoration and preservation of the Maine State Building and All Soul&#39;s Chapel in Poland. The Society operates the Nettie Ricker Art Gallery in the Maine State Building, with changing exhibits of local and regional art.</p><br>
<p>Along with the Norway Building in Norway, The Dutch House in Massachusetts, and the Palace of Fine Arts (now the Museum of Science and Industry) and World Congress Auxiliary Building (now the Art Institute of Chicago) in Chicago, the Maine State Building is one of the few remaining buildings from the 1893 World&#39;s Fair.</p><br>
<p>The Old Louisiana Governors Mansion is located at 502 North Blvd. between Royal and St. Charles Streets in Baton Rouge and was used as Louisianas official gubernatorial residence between 1930 and 1963; a new residence was completed in 1963. The Old Governor&#39;s Mansion was built under the governorship of Huey Long, its first resident. The building is reported to be inspired by the White House in Washington D.C. as it was originally designed by Thomas Jefferson. It is said that Long wanted to be familiar with the White House when he became president, so he had the White House duplicated in Baton Rouge. Some dispute this legend and simply say that the building is merely a fine example of a Georgian-style mansion.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Old Governors Mansion is the second governors mansion to occupy the site. Although Louisiana became a state in 1812, the first purchase of a gubernatorial mansion was not until 1887, when the State of Louisiana purchased the house from the heirs of Nathan Knox for $10,000. The Knox mansion, located at the present site of the Old Governors Mansion, was built in 1857. Although purchased during the term of Governor John McEnery, the first governor to occupy the Knox mansion was Francis T. Nicholls. The Knox mansion served as the official residence of Louisiana governors from 1887 until 1929, when it was razed under the direction of Huey P. Long, and the present Old Governors Mansion was built.</p><br>
<p>When Huey P. Long took office in 1928, the existing governors mansion was to him a symbol of the past and more importantly the political opposition. In February 1929, Long succeeded in tearing down the Knox mansion, enlisting the aid of local convicted criminals to disassemble it. On the very next day, the plans and specifications were approved for the new mansion. This event is one of the incidents that contributed to and figured in the (unsuccessful) impeachment proceedings against Long in 1930. Building the Old Governors Mansion cost almost $150,000, plus an additional $22,000 for the finest damask and velvet drapes, crystal chandeliers, and other fine appointments.</p><br>
<p>The Old Governors Mansion served as a residence to nine governors until 1963, when the Louisiana Governors Mansion was constructed just east of the Louisiana State Capitol building. In 1964, the Old Governors Mansion became the home of the Louisiana Art & Science Museum (then, Louisiana Art & Science Center). The Mansion served as headquarters for the Louisiana Arts & Science Museum until 1976, when the museum moved to new quarters in the Old Illinois Central Train Station. In 1978, the Mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Mansion underwent restoration from 1996 to 1998, and opened as a historic house museum in 1999. It is currently under the management of Louisianas Secretary of State.</p><br>
<p>Louisianas Old Governors Mansion offers tours of the Mansion to visitors and school groups, and also offers the Mansion as an event venue for weddings, bridal portraits, corporate parties, and more.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 24, 1975. It was also added as a contributing resource to the Beauregard Town Historic District at the time of its creation on October 14, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Southern Railway Passenger Station is railway passenger depot built ca. 1885 in Westminster, South Carolina. It is one of the oldest buildings in the community.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railroad, a predecessor of the Southern Railway, was built in the early 1870s and Westminster was built along the railroad tracks. The station is believed to have been built about 1885. It has a rectangular plan with dimensions of 96 x. It has a deep hip roof. Built of wood, it was covered with asbestos siding in around 1940. It had two waiting rooms, an office, and a baggage room. It ceased being used as a passenger depot in 1969 when passenger service to the city was suspended.</p><br>
<p>It was converted into community uses such as a meeting room and a community health center.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, it suffered damage in a fire. The station was rebuilt.</p><br>
<p>The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace and Museum is located in Saunderstown, Rhode Island. Gilbert Stuart, who was born on December 3, 1755, in the colonial-era house located on the property, became a famous American portraitist of the 18th and 19th centuries. The museum consists of the 1751 house in which Stuart was born, an operational snuff mill, an operational grist mill, a mill pond, streams, a fish ladder, 23 acres of nature trails, an herb garden, and a welcome center and art gallery containing paintings by both Gilbert Stuart and his daughter Jane Stuart.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house on the property was built in 1751, and Gilbert Stuart lived there for six years. His father operated the family business in the basement of the house, where a water-powered snuff mill was located. He ground dried tobacco leaves into snuff, a fine powder used widely in the colonial era, and his was actually the first such mill in America. When Stuart was six years old, his family moved to Newport, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The house served as a private residence and during the 18th century, and the snuff mill and water wheel were lost. In 1930, the building was restored to its colonial state by Norman Isham and was opened to the public as a museum in 1931. Many of the houses original wooden walls and beams remained intact. It also retained its original four corner fireplaces, one in each room in the house. An English snuff mill built in the early 1730s was transported to the property during the restoration, and it is considered faithful in design to the original snuff mill. In addition, a new water wheel was built and attached to the side of the house, allowing the mill to operate by water power from Pausacaco Pond (aka Carr Pond). An original colonial-era gristmill was built in 1757 and owned by Benjamin Hammond, fitted with a water wheel. The mill remained inoperable until 2007, when the waterwheel was reconnected to the mills operating gears.</p><br>
<p>The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace operates both docent-guided and self-guided tours of the birthplace and gristmill, and is open from May until mid-October. The house is furnished with original colonial furnishings in every room, though no piece of furniture is original to the house. Each room is also fitted with reproductions of Gilbert Stuarts most famous works, including the famous unfinished Athenaeum Portrait of George Washington (which is portrayed on the one-dollar bill), The Skater, Dr. Hunters Spaniels, John Jay, and Catherine Brass Yates. Tours of the museum include the operation of the mills, explanation of the fish ladder, talks about the life and artwork of Gilbert Stuart, as well as some descriptions of the colonial furnishings and objects.</p><br>
<h3>Junior docents</h3><br>
<p>The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace used to operate a unique junior docent program, in which children and adolescents could volunteer to give interpretive tours of the museum dressed in colonial attire. The program was designed to teach children about history and the workings of a museum. The Junior docent program is no longer in operation.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The Gilbert Stuart Birthplace is located on twenty-three acres of property. The museum features nature trails, which bring tourists to the site of an old colonial burial ground, the Benjamin Hammond cemetery, a scenic overlook of Carr Pond, and the foundation of a colonial fulling mill. The grounds also feature an herb garden, a timber dam, and a boat dock, from which rowboats can be rented by museum members for use on nearby Carr Pond.</p><br>
<h2>Bell Art Gallery</h2><br>
<p>Built in 2014, the museums art gallery contains original works by Gilbert Stuart, and portraits of Gilbert by his daughter, Jane Stuart. In addition to the regular display of works by Gilbert Stuart, the gallery also displays work by other prominent Rhode Island artists. Past exhibitions have included Jane Stuart: Heir to Genius in 2016, Edward Mitchell Bannister: "My Greatest Successes Have Come Through Her", the artistic partnership of Edward and Christiana Bannister in 2018, Mabel May Woodward: Chasing the Summers Day in 2022, and Soul of the Sitter: Contemporary Portraiture in Rhode Island in 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Magnolia Mound Plantation House is a French Creole house constructed in 1791 near the Mississippi River in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Many period documents refer to the plantation as Mount Magnolia. The house and several original outbuildings on the grounds of Magnolia Mound Plantation are examples of the vernacular architectural influences of early settlers from France and the West Indies. The complex is owned by the city of Baton Rouge and maintained by its Recreation Commission . It is located approximately one mile south of downtown.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 7, 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The plantation house, first a cottage, is one of the earliest buildings in the present-day city of Baton Rouge.</p><br>
<p>The land was owned originally by James Hillin, an early Scots settler who arrived in 1786, who lived there with wife Jane Stanley Hillin, five children, and six enslaved Africans: Thomas, John, Lucia, Catherine, Jenny, and Anna. On December 23, 1791, John Joyce, from County Cork, Ireland, purchased the 950 acre property. He, his wife Constance Rochon and their children lived in Mobile, Alabama. By the time of his drowning, on May 9, 1798, during a sailing trip from New Orleans to Mobile, Joyce held about 50 slaves at the plantation, who cultivated indigo, tobacco, cotton, and sugarcane under the supervision of an overseer.</p><br>
<p>The widow Constance Rochon Joyce married the widower Armand Duplantier, an influential person in the area who had four surviving children from his first marriage and had managed a plantation in the vicinity of Pointe Coupee. She brought 54 slaves to the marriage from her estate. He was a former captain of the Continental Army under the Marquis de Lafayette. They had five children together. From 1802 to 1805, they enlarged the house to accommodate their large family, although they used it mostly as a country house. Armand Duplantier died in 1827.</p><br>
<p>Duplantier descendants owned the plantation until 1849; the property then had several owners through the late 19th century. At that time Louis Barillier sold the land and improvements to Robert A. Hart.</p><br>
<h2>After the Civil War</h2><br>
<p>Edward J. Gay purchased the deed in the early 1860s and had several overseers run the plantation for him, including the years after the Civil War. In 1869, the manager was W.L. Larimore.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century, Mrs. Blanche Duncan acquired Magnolia Mound Plantation through a family inheritance. In 1951, Mrs. Duncan commissioned the architectural firm of Goodman and Miller of Baton Rouge to do extensive alterations and additions.</p><br>
<p>After the property fell into disrepair, in 1966 the City of Baton Rouge exercised its right of eminent domain to purchase the house and 16 acre, to preserve the house and its dependencies for their historic and architectural value. The property is a green space within the city.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The cottage was originally four rooms, with side-by-side room arrangement. About 1812 it was expanded to a seven or eight-room house, including an extension for a formal dining room and two service rooms. A "U-shaped" gallery was constructed during this second stage of development. The Duplantier family used it as a country house.</p><br>
<p>During the late 19th century, owners added rooms under the gallery on the north and south sides. The basic form of the house is rectangular with a large hip roof, which covers all rooms and galleries. During the early 19th century, double-hung windows were added.</p><br>
<p>The interior décor was altered during the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the city installed an original, double slave cabin (c.1830) from Pointe Coupee Parish on the grounds to help interpret the lives of enslaved Africans. One half is furnished as it would have been in the early 19th century; the other half houses an exhibit on slave life in Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Additional outbuildings, some original to the plantation, show how the operations of the plantation were supported:</p><br>
<p>Open-hearth kitchen - The city reconstructed a separate outdoor kitchen building based on archaeological evidence. It is authentically furnished with vintage utensils, such as spider pots, a clock-jack, sugar nips, waffle iron, olla jar, and reflector ovens.</p><br>
<p>Overseer&#39;s house - original to the plantation, c. 1870. Also individually enlisted in National Register of Historic Places as Magnolia Mound Plantation House Dependency.</p><br>
<p>Crop garden - The crop garden contains indigo, tobacco, cotton, and sugarcane, depicting Magnolia Mound&#39;s cash crops throughout its history.</p><br>
<p>Pigeonnier - A small pigeon house or dovecote, c.1825, typical of French Creole plantations, was used to house squab and various game birds. Today it again houses a collection of live pigeons. Also individually enlisted in National Register of Historic Places as Barthel Pigeonnier.</p><br>
<p>Carriage house - Holds a collection of vintage tools, as well as a weaver&#39;s workshop, which depict plantation crafts c.1800-1820.</p><br>
<p>The Kimpton Hotel Vintage Portland, historically known as the Imperial Hotel and also as The Plaza Hotel, is a historic hotel building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States. It was completed in 1894 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 as "Imperial Hotel". Since 2015, the building has been in use as the Kimpton Hotel Vintage Portland, and prior to then it had been known as the Hotel Vintage Plaza since 1991.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction began in 1892, and the Imperial Hotel opened in March 1894. The building is in the Richardsonian Romanesque architectural style.</p><br>
<p>In the 1910s, the Imperial&#39;s bathrooms were named as popular gay cruising site as the Portland vice scandal hit.</p><br>
<p>A major expansion was built in 1909 in the form of a separate building, adjacent, known as the New Imperial Hotel. At the end of 1949, the two buildings that had comprised the Imperial were made into separate hotels, when the new building was sold. The original, 1894 building was renamed the Plaza Hotel, while the newer building retained the Imperial name (named the Hotel Lucia since 2002).</p><br>
<p>A glass false storefront was removed in a renovation done in the 1980s, revealing the structures lower level stonework. The hotels former name appears in the stonework above the Washington Street entrance. By at least the early 1980s However, it suffered from a high vacancy rate, attributed in part to an excess of available office space in downtown Portland.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a Portland historical landmark in spring 1985 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1985.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the building was acquired by Kimco Hotel Management (now Kimpton Hotels & Restaurant Group) and remodeled as a</p><br>
<p>boutique hotel. Renamed the Hotel Vintage Plaza, it reopened in May 1991.</p><br>
<p>The hotel closed for a two-month, $16-million remodeling in early 2015, and when it reopened in mid-March it was renamed the Kimpton Hotel Vintage Portland.</p><br>
<p>The Telegram Building is a historic building in Portland, Oregon. It was constructed in 1922, several years after The Evening Telegram newspaper had been purchased by John E. and L. R. Wheeler. The Telegram was a newspaper founded in 1877 by Henry L. Pittock; it merged in 1931 with the Portland News, creating the Portland News-Telegram, which ceased publishing in 1939.</p><br>
<p>The red brick and terra-cotta structure culminates in a colonial-style clock tower.</p><br>
<p>A major renovation was completed in 2004, renovating the building to accommodate multi-tenant office space. The renovation added two floors of underground parking, office space upstairs, and a penthouse (also office space) behind the clock tower. The Telegram Building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Fort Phantom Hill, also called the Camp on the Clear Fork, is a former United States Army installation located in Jones County, Texas. The fort was established in 1851 as part of a line of forts in Texas to protect migrants passing through the state on their way to California. The US Army abandoned the fort in 1854 and it was shortly thereafter mostly destroyed by fire. In 1858, it became a station of the Butterfield-Overland Mail route until it moved out of Texas with the beginning of the American Civil War in 1861. During the war, the fort was occupied by Confederate frontier troops until the Confederacys defeat and surrender. Following the US Armys return to Texas after the Civil War, Fort Phantom Hill was used as a subpost of the larger, newer Fort Griffin until 1875.</p><br>
<p>After its final abandonment in 1875, a town was established at Fort Phantom Hill that flourished in the 1870s and ceased to exist by 1900. Following the fort&#39;s purchase by John Guitar in 1928, there was renewed public interest in the fort that led to its opening to the public in 1972. In 1997, Fort Phantom Hill was transferred to the Fort Phantom Hill Foundation. The ruins of the fort were added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 14, 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Use as military outpost</h2><br>
<p>Fort Phantom Hill was established during the American colonization of Texas, a process that began in the 1820s with the immigration of Anglo-Americans into Spanish, later Mexican, Texas. After existing as an independent republic for a decade, Texas was annexed by the United States of America in 1845, which led to the start of the Mexican-American War the next year. The United States defeated Mexico, and in the treaty that ended the war in 1848, Mexico ceded what is presently the Southwestern United States in exchange for $15 million (equivalent to $ million in ). The United States Army began to construct outposts and roads in Texas during the war to protect Anglo-American settlements in the state. In 1849, an unprecedented number of migrants began crossing Texas to reach California following the discovery of gold there.</p><br>
<p>Those migrants moved along routes such as the Marcy Trail, charted by Captain Randolph B. Marcy in 1849, through the territory of the indigenous peoples of the Great Plains. To protect those migrants, the US Army established a line of forts running for 800 mi from Fort Worth, in the northeast, to Fort Duncan, in the southwest, in 1848–49 and then another, 200 mi west, from 1850 to 1852. The forts of this line – Belknap, Chadbourne, Clark, Davis, Mason, McKavett, Phantom Hill, Stockton, and Terrett – were established in the early 1850s at places Marcy recommended. One of these locations was the Clear Fork of the Brazos River, which Marcy erroneously noted in 1849 as possessing abundant water and game.</p><br>
<h3>Use as permanent garrison, 1851–1854</h3><br>
<p>In 1851, General William G. Belknap, commander of the Seventh Military District—an area corresponding to the present states of Arkansas and Oklahoma—visited the Brazos River valley with Marcy to find locations for outposts. Belknap began construction of what became Fort Belknap, and identified a nearby tributary, Pecan Bayou, as ideal for a second post on the Brazos. On November 3, General Persifor Frazer Smith, commander of the Department of Texas, ordered that an outpost be created upon the "Phantom Hill" overlooking the Clear Fork, from Pecan Bayou.</p><br>
<p>On November 14, 1851, five companies of the 5th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel John Joseph Abercrombie, arrived on Phantom Hill and established the Camp on the Clear Fork of the Brazos, better known as Fort Phantom Hill. Construction of Fort Phantom Hill began immediately and lasted until June 1852, and it was followed by the creation of a crude road to Fort Chadbourne, to the southwest. Construction and basic life at the fort was complicated by a lack of usable wood, water, game, and fertile soil. The garrison had to rely on food shipments from Austin, 250 mi away, that were occasionally seized by indigenous peoples, and the garrison could not abate the water shortage even by digging an 80 ft well. Pestilences such as tuberculosis and rheumatism and the poor supply of food and water also plagued the garrison.</p><br>
<p>Fort Phantom Hill and the other outposts of the US Army in Texas were unfortified cantonments, where troops could recuperate after being on campaign. Before being razed, the fort buildings consisted of jacales with the exception of the officers quarters, built of timber, and the magazine, guardhouse, and commissary, built of stone. Each building had a stone chimney. Stone was sourced from a quarry at the Elm Fork on the Brazos River while blackjack oak was transported from up to 40 mi away. The structures of the fort were arranged around a parade ground. Officers quarters lined the north and east sides, opposite the enlisted men&#39;s barracks, while administrative structures stood on the west side. Additional buildings, such as the magazine and bakery, were located away from the parade ground and its surrounding structures.</p><br>
<p>On April 27, 1852, Abercrombie was replaced as commander of Fort Phantom Hill by Lieutenant Colonel Carlos Waite. Waite was replaced by Major Henry Hopkins Sibley on September 23, 1853, who oversaw the withdrawal from the post of four of its five companies and their replacement by a company of the 2nd Dragoons. In August 1853, the fort was inspected by Colonel William G. Freeman, who found it and its garrison in poor condition. The fort was ordered abandoned on April 6, 1854, along with Forts Mason and Terrett. Shortly after the garrison&#39;s departure, the fort was burned, probably by the departing soldiers.</p><br>
<h3>Subsequent use, 1854–1871</h3><br>
<p>Following Fort Phantom Hill&#39;s abandonment, it was still frequently visited by travelers and US Army troops. Among the latter was Robert E. Lee, who as a lieutenant colonel of the 2nd Dragoons passed by the fort on June 16, 1856, while in pursuit of the Comanche leader Sanaco. In February 1861, Texas seceded from the United States and joined the Confederate States of America. Major General David E. Twiggs, commander of the Department of Texas since 1857, surrendered its equipment and installations in Texas to the Confederacy and abandoned the state as the American Civil War began.</p><br>
<p>On March 4, 1861, LeRoy Pope Walker, the Confederate Secretary of War, ordered career soldier Benjamin McCulloch to raise a volunteer force of ten companies to defend Texass frontier. McCulloch passed the task to his brother, Colonel Henry Eustace McCulloch, who distributed his forces across the former US Army installations in Texas. One of McCullochs officers, Major James Buckner Barry, stationed a portion of his command at Fort Phantom Hill. After a campaign against the Comanche in 1861 quieted the frontier, McCulloch&#39;s troops were sent to fight in the Trans-Mississippi theater as part of the 1st Texas Cavalry Regiment. They were replaced with the Frontier Regiment, who also encamped at Fort Phantom Hill and were also increasingly pulled away from the frontier as the war continued.</p><br>
<h3>Use as satellite post, 1871–1875</h3><br>
<p>Confederate forces began to surrender to the federal government in 1865, heralding the end of the Civil War. In June, the remaining Confederate forces in Texas formally surrendered to the US Army, who reoccupied the state. After initially ignoring Texans concerns about indigenous raiding in favor of reoccupying prewar installations along the border with Mexico, the US Army returned to the frontier and began expanding its presence there in 1866–67. From 1869 until the end of the Red River War in 1875, Fort Phantom Hills ruins were occupied several times by US Army troops as a subpost of Fort Griffin, established in 1867 along the Clear Fork of the Brazos.</p><br>
<h2>Civilian use</h2><br>
<p>White settlement in what became Jones County, Texas, began in November 1851 with Fort Phantom Hill and an Indian agent named Jesse Stem, who operated a farmstead near the fort until he was killed by Tonkawa natives in February 1854. As the fort neared completion, more settlers established themselves in the area but not in sufficient numbers to justify its retention by the US Army in 1854. In 1858, three of the fort&#39;s stone buildings were repaired and used for a station of the Butterfield Overland Mail along its route through Texas until it moved out of the state with the beginning of the Civil War in 1861. Jones County was established on February 1, 1858, and during the Civil War it suffered from raids by indigenous peoples that halted white settlement in the county for 15 years.</p><br>
<p>After the Red River War, a settlement was formed on Fort Phantom Hill&#39;s grounds that primarily serviced buffalo hunters roaming the region. The town grew to a population of 546 and briefly was the Jones County seat in 1881, but when the Texas and Pacific Railway bypassed Phantom Hill in favor of Abilene, to the south, the town began a rapid decline. By 1900, the town had ceased to exist, though the fort continued to be inhabited until at least 1913. From July 1918 to August 1919, test wells were dug near the fort by the Fort Phantom Hill Oil Company following the discovery of oil to the south in 1915.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>In 1928, the grounds of Fort Phantom Hill were purchased by John Guitar, who then sold the land in 1969 to his grandson, Jim Alexander. Guitars purchase of the fort attracted the attention of Carl Coke Rister, a historian, professor at Hardin-Simmons University, and secretary of the West Texas Historical Association, who wrote extensively about the fort to promote its preservation. In 1970, the fort was excavated by the Texas state archaeologist, Curtis Tunnell, and on September 14, 1972, it was included on the National Register of Historic Places following its nomination by the Texas Historical Commission on January 31, 1972. The Alexanders opened the fort to the public in the same year and in 1997 they gifted its grounds to the Fort Phantom Foundation. Another, more complete excavation of the forts grounds was carried out in 1998 by Texas Tech University. The Texas Department of Transportation constructed a rest stop along the southern edge of the fort&#39;s grounds in 2012.</p><br>
<p>Four historical markers have been placed on the grounds of Fort Phantom Hill or its vicinity by the state of Texas. The first, placed in 1936, generally commemorated the fort and was replaced with another marker after the original disappeared in 2010. Another marker, commemorating the forts use by Confederate forces, was placed on the grounds of the Jones County Courthouse in 1963. A marker for the forts graveyard was placed in the graveyard in 2019.</p><br>
<p>The Terminal Sales Building is an historic building in Portland, Oregon, United States. One of the few pieces of prominent Art Deco architecture in Portland, it is the only high-rise example. While the building&#39;s design may be credited to Wilfred Frank Higgins, Mr. Higgins was working under the architect A.E. Doyle, who referred to Higgins as his draftsman. Doyle was so involved with the project, that he continued to direct Higgins even while traveling in Europe, wiring the office instructions on paint specifications.</p><br>
<p>The building was completed in 1927; it stands 155 feet (47 m) tall and has 13 above-ground floors. The Terminal Sales Building was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 17, 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Seward Hotel, also known as the Governor Hotel , is a historic hotel building in downtown Portland, Oregon, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Built in 1909, it is one of two NRHP-listed buildings that make up the Sentinel Hotel, the other being the 1923-built Elks Temple. The Seward was renamed the Governor Hotel in 1931, closed in the mid-1980s, and reopened in 1992 joined with the former Elks building, and thereafter formed the east wing of a two-building hotel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Seward Hotel was completed in 1909. Its glazed terracotta exterior motif features a blending of Art Nouveau and Native American designs. Its interior architecture is in the arts and crafts style, popular during the period in which it was built. The hotel&#39;s architect, William C. Knighton, went on to become the first Oregon State Architect in 1912, and later designed the Oregon State Supreme Court Building.</p><br>
<p>The hotel&#39;s original owner was G. Rosenblatt, but it was named for its proprietor, Walter M. Seward. It included a restaurant in the basement, the Seward Grill, which Mr. Seward also operated until selling it in 1921. The hotel was sold in 1930, and was renamed The Governor Hotel upon reopening in 1931.</p><br>
<p>Atiyeh Brothers, a rug and carpet retailer, occupied a large space in the ground floor of the Governor Hotel for 38 years, from 1935 to 1973. Alterations made in 1934–1935 when Atiyeh Brothers moved in included moving the lobby to nearer the center of the building. A stained-glass dome hung from the ceiling in the ground-floor corner area that was occupied after 1934 by the office of George and Aziz Atiyeh. When the business moved out in 1973, the approximately 5 x decorative fixture was dismantled and placed into storage by the Atiyehs. It was reacquired by the hotel in 1992 and restored for reinstallation.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985, as the Seward Hotel, the name it carried between 1909 and 1931.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1980s, the Governor Hotel had fallen into disrepair and closed, but new owners were planning renovations. but later stalled because of financing problems.</p><br>
<p>Renovation work eventually resumed, and was completed in spring 1992. The project included connecting the former Seward Hotel building with the neighboring Princeton Building, which had originally been constructed in 1923 as the Elks Temple and in 1978 had received its own listing on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1994, McCormick & Schmicks opened Jakes Grill in space next to the hotel entrance and lobby, on 10th Avenue.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, during another round of renovations, a new lobby was created inside the Princeton Building, and its entrance (on SW 11th Avenue) became the main entrance to the Governor Hotel. Jake&#39;s Grill then expanded into the former hotel lobby area, on SW 10th Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Governor Hotel was sold to Provenance Hotels in 2012 and renovated, and in 2014 it was renamed the Sentinel Hotel.</p><br>
<p>City Park Golf Course is a public golf course in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and was the first public golf course and the city&#39;s only public course until the mid-1950s. The short, 34-par, nine-hole course was completed in 1926 and officially opened in 1928.</p><br>
<p>The historic 48 acre area comprising the golf course, the clubhouse and the old pump house, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Pittock Block is a historic building in downtown Portland, Oregon, occupying a city block between SW 9th and 10th Avenues, SW Stark and Washington Streets, and west of O&#39;Bryant Square.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the Pittock Block was built, the site was occupied by the home of Henry L. Pittock, the publisher of The Oregonian. Pittock was preparing to move into the Pittock Mansion and leased the entire block to a California investor with the requirement that a "worthy" building named after Pittock would be built on the site.</p><br>
<p>In May 1913, architects Doyle, Patterson & Beach announced they had been awarded the $700,000 contract to construct the Pittock Block, with construction to begin immediately. According to a front-page story in the May 25, 1913, edition of The Oregonian:"One-half of the building will be eight stories in height, with frontage on the Washington Street side, while the Stark Street side will be three stories high. In addition to a deep basement there will be a sub-basement on the part of the block facing Tenth street. The Northwestern Electric Company, for which the structure is to be erected, will occupy a part of the West Park street side and all of the ground floor on the Stark Street side. The remainder of the ground floor will be designed for stores. The upper floors will be used for office purposes. The building will be of reinforced concrete construction."</p><br>
<p>Since 1987, it has been on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Tenants</h2><br>
<p>is home to a NWAX Point of Presence (Portland NAP), Portland&#39;s Internet exchange point. Other tenants of the Pittock Block include City Club of Portland and the administrative offices of the Oregon Symphony.</p><br>
